Fig. 8.— a, skeleton of Frog from the dorsal aspect ; B, anterior face of the fourth 

 vertebra. In A the left half of the shoulder-girdle and the left fore- and hind- 

 limbs are removed, as also are the membrane-bones of the left side of the skull. 

 Cartilaginous parts are distinguished by dotting. The names of cartilage bones 

 are in thick capital letters, those of membrane bones in italic capitals, other 

 references in small italics. 

 a. c. hy. anterior horn of hyoid ; acth. acetabulum; AST. astragahis; a.zyg. anterior 

 articular processes, or zygapophysis ; h. h^. basi-hyal ; C. calcar ; CAL. cal- 

 caneum ; en. centrum ; Ei. 00. exoccipital ; FE. femur ; foit, Jon.' fontan- 

 elles ; FR. PA. fronto-ijarietal ; HU. humerus; IL. ilium; /?;/. lamina of 

 neural arch ; MX. maxilla ; n, sp. neural spine ; olf. cp. olfactory capsule ; 

 ot,pr. otic process; p.c.hy. posterior horn of hyoid; pd. pedicle of neural 

 arch ; PMX. premaxilla : PR. OT. pro-otic ; QU./U, quadra to-jugal ; RA. UL. 

 radio-ulna ; SP. ETH. sphenethmoid ; SQ. squamosal ; S. SOP. supra-scapula ; 

 sus. suspensorium ; TI. FL tibio-fibula ; tr.pr. transverse process ; UST, uro- 

 style ; V. 1, cervical vertebra-; V. 9, sacral vertebra ; VO. vomer; / — F digits. 

 (From Parker and Haswell's Zoology^ after Howes, slightly altered.) 



