VII PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 397 



to a lowly group of worms of a flattened form, constituting the phylum 

 Flatyhelminthes, which includes the parasitic liver-flukes and tape- 

 worms as well as certain free-living forms; another, Ascaris (p. 153), 

 belongs to the phylum Nemathelminthes in which all the parasitic 

 thread-worms are placed. Apart from certain other smaller groups, 

 which include such animals as "wheel-animalcules," "sea-mats," 

 " lamp-shells," &c., there only remains one other of the larger phyla of 

 which you will not have studied an example, viz., the phylum 

 EcllillOdernia.ta., which is constituted by the star-fishes, sea-urchins, 

 sea-cucumbers, &c. : these are all inhabitants of the sea, and are peculiar 

 in exhibiting a more or less pronounced radial arrangement of their 

 parts, and in possessing a curious calcareous exoskeleton developed 

 within their integument, consisting of small particles or of definitely- 

 shaped plates. All the phyla with the exclusion of the Vertebrates are 

 spoken of collectively as the Invertebrata. 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 



FRESH-WATER MUSSEL. 



Examine a living specimen in a vessel of water with some sand at the 

 bottom, and note the greenish-brown bivalve shell, the foot, and the 

 manner in which the animal buries itself, anterior end downwards, 

 with the pallial openings projecting posteriorly. Observe the currents 

 of water passing in at the fringed inhalant aperture, and out at the 

 exhalant aperture : these can be more easily observed if a little finely- 

 powdered indigo or carmine is placed in the water. 



In order to kill the animal in as fully-extended a condition as possible, 

 place it in a saucepan or beaker of water, and heat over a gas-burner 

 or spirit-lamp until the water is warmed up to a temperature of about 

 40° C, when the foot will be protruded. Keep at this temperature 

 until the mussel is dead. The animal is best preserved from day to day 

 in 3 per cent, formaline, but 70 per cent, spirit will answer the purpose. 



A. External characters. 



Compare the shell with the carapace of the crayfish, and observe that 

 it covers the whole body and is densely calcified except along the dorsal 

 hinge-line, where it forms an elastic ligament connecting the two lateral 

 valves of the shell. Note the lines of growth, and the umbo near the 

 hinge-line. The anterior end is rounded, the posterior end more 

 pointed. In dead specimens the valves ga-be, owing to the elasticity of 



