X LIVER, PANCREAS, AND SPLEEN 499 



similar lymphoid tissue. The mucous membrane of the colon has no 

 villi, but, like that of the spiral valve, is raised into small papillae ; 

 while that of the rectum is smooth. 



The liver (Figs. 125, Ir, and 127) is a large organ, consist- 

 ing of five lobes. Its anterior surface is convex and is 

 applied to the diaphragm, its posterior concave surface 

 fitting against the stomach. A median vertical fold of the 

 peritoneum attaches it to the diaphragm, and marks the 

 boundary between the right a.Ti^ left central lobes (Fig. 127 

 r.c, l.c). Externally to the left central lobe, between it and 

 the cardiac end of the stomach, is the left lateral lobe {I. I), 

 and externally to the right central lobe the caudate lobe 

 (cau), applied to the pyloric end of the stomach and hollowed 

 posteriorly, when it fits over the right kidney : a small 

 Spigelian lobe {spg) fits closely against the concave anterior 

 surface of the stomach. The bile-duct is made up of several 

 hepatic ducts (h. d) from the various lobes of the liver, as 

 well as of a cystic duct (cy. d) from the pear-shaped gall- 

 bladder (g. b), which is imbedded in the right central lobe 

 of the liver : the common bile-duct (c.b.d) thus formed opens 

 into the dorsal side of the duodenum by a prominent aper- 

 ture a short distance beyond the pylorus. 



The. pancreas (Figs. 125 and 127 pn) is a diffuse gland, 

 consisting of a number of small lobules looking not unlike 

 masses of fat, spread all over the mesentery which connects 

 the two limbs of the duodenum. The small ducts from the 

 various lobules run together to form the mam pancreatic duct 

 {pn. d) which opens into the distal limb of the duodenal 

 loop a couple of inches or so beyond the bend. 



The spleen (Fig. 127, spl) is a long, flat body of a dark 

 red colour, attached to the cardiac end of the stomach by a 

 sheet of peritoneum. 



K K 2 



