148 



SKELETON OF THE OX 



for the extensor tendons are shallow. The proximal end unites with the shaft at 

 one to one and one-half years, and the distal at three and one-half to four years. 



The approximation of the lower ends of the forearms and the carpi gives the "knock-kneed" 

 appearance in cattle. The obliquity of the joint surfaces produces lateral deviation of the lower 

 part of the limb in flexion. The facets for the radial and intermediate carpals are narrower than 

 in the horse and run obUquely dorso-laterally. The surface for the uhiar carpal is extensive and 

 saddle-shaped ; its lateral part is f m'nished by the ulna. 



The ulna is more fully developed than in the horse. The shaft is complete, 

 three-sided, and strongly curved. It is fused with the radius in the adult, except 

 at the two interosseous spaces mentioned above. Its proximal part contains a 

 medullary cavity which extends somewhat into the proximal end. The olecranon is 



C.u. 



C.4- 



Mc. . 



Fig. 148. — Left Carpus and Adj.^cent Bones of Ox; 

 Front \'iew. 

 R, Radius; L', ulna; C. r., radial carpal; C. u., 

 ulnar carpal: C. 2 -\- 3, fused second and third carpals; 



C. 4, fourth carpal; 1, 2, 3, grooves for extensor tendons; 

 4, metacarpal tuberosity; 6, vascular groove. Inter- 

 mediate carpal bone {between radial and ulnar) not 

 marked. 



Fig. 140. — Left Carpus axd Adjacent Bones op 

 Ox; Lateral ^'IE\v. 

 R, Distal end of radius; U, stj-loid process of 

 ulna; /, distal interosseous space; C. L, intermediate 

 carpal; C. u., ulnar carpal; C. a., accessory carpal; 

 C. 2 -\- 3, fused second and third carpals; C. 4, fourth 

 carpal; Mr. 3 + 4, fused third and fourth (large) 

 metacarpal ; Mr. 5, fifth (small) metacarpal ; T, meta- 

 carpal tuberosity'. 



large and bears a rounded tuberosity. The distal end is fused with the radius; it 

 projects below the level of the latter, forming the styloid process of the ulna (Pro- 

 cessus styloideus ulnse), which furnishes part of the facet for the ulnar carpal. 

 The summit of the olecranon and the distal end unite with the shaft at three and 

 one-half to four years. 



The carpus consists of six bones, four in the proximal row and two in the distal. 

 The proximal row is oblique in conformity with the carpal articular surface of the 

 radius. The radial and intermediate resemble in general those of the horse, but 

 are less regular in shape, and their long axes are directed obliquely backward and 

 medialh'. The radial is narrower than in the horse and curves upward behind. The 

 intermediate is constricted in its middle, and wider behind than in front. The 

 ulnar is large and very irregular. Its proximal surface is extensive and sinuous and 

 articulates with both radius and ulna; it has a large oval facet behind for articula- 

 tion with the accessory carpal. The accessory is short, thick, and rounded; it 



