SKELETON OF THE PIG— VERTEBRAL COLUMN 



161 



low the lateral margin of the lateral condyle of the tibia; the distal end forms the 

 lateral malleolus, as in the ox. 



The patella is relatively longer and narrower than that of the ox. 



The tarsal bones resemble those of the ox except in size. 



The metatarsal and digital bones present special characters similar to those of 

 the correspondmg part of the thoracic limb. 



SKELETON OF THE PIG 



VERTEBRAL COLUMN 



The vertebral formula is C7Ti4-i5L6-7S4Cy2o-23. 



The cervical vertebrae are short and Avide. The bodies are elliptical in cross- 

 section, the long diameter being transverse. The anterior articular surfaces are 

 slightly convex from side to side and concave dorso-ventrally; the posterior ones 



Fig. 163. — Skeleton of Pig; Lateral ^'iew. 

 a. Cranium; h, maxilla; c, mandible; 1H-7H., cervical vertebrEe; lR.u\, first thoracic vertebra; 13 R.w., thir- 

 teenth thoracic vertebra (next to last); IL., first lumbar vertebra; 6L., sixth lumbar vertebra (next to last usually); 

 ii., sacrum; S., coccygeal vertebrffi; ii?., first rib; i^-R-. last rib; fi.i-K., costal cartilages; S(., sternum; d, supraspin- 

 ous fossa; rf', infraspinous fossa; -/, spine of scapula; 2, neck of scapula; e, humerus; 5, head of humerus; i, tuberosities 

 of humerus; 5, deltoid tuberosity; 5, lateral epicondyle of humerus; /.radius; i?. ulna; 7, olecranon; 7i, carpus: 18-25, 

 carpal bones; 2-i"", metacarpus; ^-A"", proximal phalanges; W", middle phalanges ; m-m"", distal phalanges; n, o, 

 sesamoids; p, ilium; 5, tuber coxse ; 5, tuber sacrale; 1 , superior ischiatic spine ; <z. ischium; 7.^, tuber ischii; /■, pubis; 

 12, acetabulum; s, femur; 13, trochanter major; 14, trochanter minor; 15, lateral epicondyle; t. patella; u. tibia; 

 iff, crest of tibia; 77, lateral condyle of tibia; u, fibula; w, tarsus; 5^-51, tarsal bones; i?ff', tuber calcis. (After Ellen- 

 berger, in Leisering's Atlas) . 



are slightly concave. A ventral spine is not present. The arches are wide trans- 

 versely, but the laminae are narrow, so that a considerable interval (Spatium inter- 

 arcuale) separates adjacent arches dorsally. The pedicles are perforated by a 

 foramen in addition to the usual intervertebral foramina. The transverse processes 

 divide into two branches, both of which increase in size from the third to the sixth. 

 The dorsal branch projects outward and backward; it is short and is thickened at 

 its free end. The other branch is a quadrilateral plate directed ventrally; each 

 overlaps the succeeding one to a small extent, and the series forms the lateral 

 boundary of a deep and wide ventral groove. The spines increase in height from the 

 11 



