212 



THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE HORSE 



dies of the vertebral bodies, and widens over the intervertebral fibro-cartilages, to 

 which it is very firmly attached. 



This ligament is in relation with the spinal veins on either side, and in the middle of each 

 vertebra a transverse anastomotic vein passes under the ligament. 



INTERNEURAL ARTICULATIONS 



Each typical vertebra presents two pairs of articular processes, which form 

 diarthroses with the two adjacent vertebrae. The articular surfaces are extensive, 

 almost flat, and oval in the cervical region, small and flat in the thoracic region, 



Atlas 



Funicular part 



Expansion at withers 



Last ceritical 

 vertebra 



First thoracic ^ 

 vertebra 



Fig. 231. — Ligamentum Nuch.e of Horse. 

 1, Scapula; 1' , cartilage of scapula; 4< lamellar part of ligamentum nuchse; x, wing of atlas. 



Baum, Anat. fiir Kiinstler.) 



(After EUenberger- 



while in the lumbar region the anterior ones are concave and the posterior convex. 

 The joint capsule is strong and ample in the cervical region, in conformity with the 

 large size and greater mobility of these joints in the neck. In the thoracic and 

 lumbar regions the capsule is small and close. These joints are arthrodia in the 

 neck and back, trochoid in the lumbar region. 



Associated with these joints are the ligamenta flava, which connect the arches 

 of adjacent vertebrae. They are membranous and consist largely of elastic tissue. 



The supraspinous ligament (Lig. supraspinale) extends medially from the 

 occipital bone to the sacrum. Behind the withers it consists of a strong cord of 

 white fibrous ti.ssue, attached to the summits of the vertebral spines. In the neck 



