314 ZOOLOGY. 
bunch of follicles, emptying by a common duct into the floor 
of the mouth, — * 
The csophagus is succeeded by the crop (ingluvies). It 
dilates rapidly in the head, and again enlarges before pass- 
ing out of the head, and at the point of first expansion or 
enlargement there begins a circular or oblique series of folds, 
armed with a single or two alternating rows of simple spine- 
like teeth. Just after the crop leaves the head, the rug or 
folds become longitudinal, the teeth arranged in rows, each 
row formed of groups of from three to six teeth, which 
point backward so as to push the food into the stomach. 
In alcoholic specimens the folds of the crop and cesophagus 
are deep blood-red, while the muscular portion is flesh-col- 
ored. It is in the crop that the ‘‘ molasses ’’ thrown out by 
the locust originates. 
The proventriculus is very small in the locust, easily over- 
looked in dissection, while in the green grasshoppers it is 
large and armed with sharp teeth. A transverse section of 
the crop of the cricket shows that there are six large irreg- 
ular teeth armed with spines and hairs (Fig. 277). It 
forms a neck or constriction between the crop and true 
stomach. It may be studied by laying the alimentary canal 
open with a pair of fine scissors, and is then seen to be 
armed with six flat folds, suddenly terminating posteriorly,. 
where the true stomach (chyle-stomach, ventriculus) begins.. 
The chyle-stomach is about one half as thick as the crop, 
when the latter is distended with food, and is of nearly the 
same diameter throughout, being much paler than the red-. 
dish crop, and of a flesh-color. 
From the anterior end arise six large gastric ceca, which 
are dilatations of the true chyle-stomach, and probably serve 
to present a larger surface from which the chyle may escape 
into the body-cavity and mix with the blood, there being in 
insects no lacteal vessels or lymphatic system. 
The stomach ends at the posterior edge of the fourth ab- 
dominal segment in a slight constriction, at which point 
(pyloric end) the urinary tubes (vasa wrinaria, Fig. 276, 
ur) arise. These are arranged in ten groups of about fifteen 
tubes, so that there are about one hundred and fifty long, 
fine tubes in all, 
