360 ZOOLOGY. 
the first and second maxille ; the tongue or fleshy prolonga- 
‘tion of the second maxille (Jabium, see Fig. 354, g) being 
very long and adapted for lapping up liquid food in the 
bottom of flowers. 
The Hymenoptera are represented by the saw-flies, the 
gall-flies, the ichneumon-flies and the ants, the sand-wasps, 
mud-wasps (Fig. 363), paper-making wasps, and bees. 
The lowest family is the Uroceride, or horn-tails (Fig. 
355, larva of Tremex columba Linn.), whose fleshy white 
Fig, 354.-Side view of the front part of the head of the Humble Bee. a, clypeus 
covered with hairs; 0, labrum; c, the fleshy epipharynx partially concealed by the 
base of the mandibles ( ; é, lacinia or blade of the maxillz, with their two-jointed 
palpi (7) at the base ; j, the labium to which is appended the ligula (¢g) ; below are 
the labial palpi; 4, the two basal joints ; %, compound eyes, 
larvae bore in trees. The adults are large, with a long, saw- 
like ovipositor. In the saw-flies (Tenthredinid@, Fig. 356, 
the pear-slug, Selandria cerasi Peck) the larva strongly re- 
sembles a caterpillar, having eight pairs of abdominal feet. 
The gall-flies (Fig. 357, Cynips) are small Hymenoptera. 
which lay eggs in the leaves or stems of the oak, etc., which, 
from the irritation set up by their presence, causes the de- 
formation termed a gall. 
