9 
DEVELOPMENT OF ASCIDIANS. 393 
Huxley, merely as a kind of stalk, from which new zooids 
bud out, and this process, in his opinion, “leads to the still 
more singular process of development in Pyrosoma, in which 
the first formed embryo attains only an imperfect develop- 
ment, and disappears after having given rise to four ascidio- 
zooids.” In Clavellina and Perophora the original parent 
Ascidian throws off branches or stolons from which develop 
new individuals. 
The usual mode of development in the simple and com- 
pound Ascidians (forming the order Ascidiacea) is by fertil- 
ized eggs. We will give the life-history of an Ascidian as 
based on Kowalevsky and Kupffer’s researches on Phallusia 
mammillata Cuvier, in which the embryonic stages were ob- 
Fig. 3864.—Embryo Ascidian. A, a, primitive opening; h, primitive digestive 
cavity; c, segmentation-cavity or primitive body-cavity; B, 7, pharynx; n, nerve- 
cavity; ¢, epithelium forming the body-wall; x, rudimentary notocord; C, sec- 
tion of a fish embryo; , nervous tube, open in front and situated dorsally; 
ch, notocord; bb, mouth; e, alimentary canal; a, place of vent; m, mesoderm, 
served, and Ascvia intestinalis, whose larva was studied. 
Tne egg consists of a yolk unprotected by a yolk-skin, but 
surrounded by a layer of jelly containing yellow cells. The 
yolk undergoes total segmentation. The next step is the 
invagination of the ectoderm, a true gastrula state resulting. 
Fig. 386‘, .A (after Kowalevsky), represents the gastrula; h, 
the primitive digestive cavity; a, the primitive opening, 
which soon closes; and ¢, the segmentation-cavity or primi- 
tive body-cavity. After this primitive opening (a) is lost to 
view, sometime before the embryo has reached the stage B, 
another cavity (7) appears with an external opening. This 
cavity is formed by a union of two ridges which. grow out 
