568 ZOOLOGY. 
Darwin calls attention to the fact that in mammals the male 
wins the female rather by the law of battle than by the dis- 
play of high colors and attractive ornaments. During the 
breeding season, desperate contests take place between the 
rival males ; even the males of the timid hare will at such 
times fight until the weaker is killed ; so moles, squirrels, 
horses, male seals and male sperm-whales, whose heads are- 
larger than in the female, and beavers, will fight desperately. 
It is a rule that the males of such animals as are provided 
with tusks or horns always fight for the possession of the 
female. It is so with bulls, deer, elephants, boars, and rams ; 
at the same time these are organs of defence by which the: 
males protect their family, flock, or herd. On the other 
hand, in the female rhinoceros, some antelopes, the reindeer, 
as opposed to the other deer, some sheep and goats, etc., the 
horns are nearly as well developed as in the opposite sex. 
The modes of attack are various: the ram charges and 
butts with the base of his horns, the domestic bull gores. 
and tosses any troublesome enemy, while the Italian buffalo 
‘*is said never to use his horns; he givesa tremendous blow 
with his convex forehead, and then tramples on his fallen 
enemy with his knees.’’ Darwin also says that male quad- 
rupeds with tusks use them in a variety of ways; thus the 
boar ‘‘ strikes laterally and upward, the musk-deer with 
serious effect downward,’’ while the walrus can strike either 
upward, downward, or sideways with equal dexterity. 
The males are usually larger when there is any difference 
in size ; this isseen in the eared seals, especially Callorhinus: 
ursinus, in the ox, Indian buffalo, and the American bison, 
as well as the lion. The mane of the latter adds to its ap- 
pearance of greater weight and bulk, and Darwin says that. 
the lion’s mane “‘forms a good defence against the one 
danger to which he is liable—namely, the attacks of rival 
lions.”” As regards distinctions in color, male ruminants ° 
are most liable to exhibit them. In the Derbyan eland the: 
body is redder, the neck much blacker, and the white band 
separating these colors broader than in the females. In the 
Cape eland the male is slightly darker than the female. In 
the Indian black-buck the male is very dark, almost black,. 
