604 ZOOLOGY. 
the horse in the Orient has five, and in the west (Africa) six 
lumbar vertebre ; in Arabia both forms occur ; in the horse 
with but five lumbar vertebrae the shape of the skull is also 
different. The Hemippus, the tarpau and muzir of Tartary, 
as well as the white, shaggy horse of the elevated plains of 
Pamir in central Asia which is often regarded as the original 
, Stock, may be a race which has returned to a wild state, since 
partly wild horses occur in Syria, on the Don, and live 
in great herds on the llanos and pampas of South America, 
There are two primitive races of horses, the Oriental and 
Western. ‘To the first belong three types : the Arabian, with 
Fig. 523.—Stomach of a ruminant (sheep), ayo ue ie four compartments ; a, ces0- 
phagus ; 0, paunch ; c, honeycomb or reticulum ; d, liber psalterium or manyplies ; 
true digestive stomach ; J, beginning of the intestine. After Owen, - is 
the Berber, Andalusian, Neapolitan; and in England the 
blood horse; the Nizaischan type of the Deccan, India, to 
which belong the Persian, Turkestan, Turkish horses, and 
the Tartarian. The western races comprise the Frieseland, 
to which belong the Brabant, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and 
the English farm-horse, and among others the Percheron 
horse, of France. Ponies are dwarf horses produced in cool, 
mountainous areas, such as the Shetland Islands. The wild 
ass (Hquus onager Brisson) ranges from the Indus to Meso- 
potamia. Hgwus hemionus Pallas, the Dschiggetai or Kiang, 
goes in herds in central Asia and Mongolia. The hinny and 
