DIFFERENCES OF MAN FROM THE APES 625 
spheres, which are also much larger compared with the cere- 
bellum, and completely cover the latter; the entire brain 
being at least double the size proportionately of that of the 
gorilla ;* it is also stated that two muscles exist in man 
which have not yet been found in any ape, the extensor primi 
internodit pollicis and the peroneus tertius, belonging to the 
thumb and foot respectively (Huxley).+ There are also points 
in the origin of certain muscles which are peculiar to man, but 
Huxley adds that all the apparently distinctive peculiarities 
of the muscles of the apes are to be met with, occasionally, 
as varieties in man. On the other hand, the relative differ- 
ences of the skulls of the gorilla and man are, as Huxley 
states, ‘‘immense.” In man the cranial box overhangs the 
orbits; in the gorilla the forehead is hollowed out. The 
hinder portion of the brain is also much more developed in 
man than in the apes, and in the hinder part of the hemi- 
spheres the convolutions are more numerous than in the 
chimpanzee, this part in monkeys losing its convolutions 
altogether (Wyman). Man stands erect; his arms span a 
distance equal to his height; the spinal column has four 
curves; the skin of the hands and feet of man is highly 
sensitive, compared with that of the apes. Finally, as Cuvier 
stated, the grand distinctive zoological character separating 
man from the other animals is the possession of the power of 
speech. 
Sometimes in man the coccyx has one or two more joints 
than the normal number, but the apes have no tail; though 
the human embyro, like other young animals, has a tail, 
* «© Tt must not be overlooked, however, that there is a very striking 
difference in absolute mass and weight between the lowest human 
brain and that of the highest ape—a difference which is all the more 
remarkabie when we recollect that a full-grown gorilla is probably 
pretty nearly twice as heavy as a Bosjes man, or as many an European 
woman. It may be doubted whether a healthy human brain ever 
weighed less than thirty-one or two ounces, or that the heaviest gorilla 
brain has exceeded twenty ounces.” In another place Huxley states 
that “an average European child of four year’s old has a brain twice 
as large as that of an adult gorilla.”—Man’s Place in Nature. 
+ Dr. Chapman has found in the arm of a gorilla a distinct extensor 
primis internodit pollicis muscle, but no trace of the flexor longus polli- 
cis.—American Naturalist, June, 1879, p. 395. 
