626 ZOOLOGY, 
though as observed by His, it does not contain any vertebre, 
and is thus not like the tail of other embryomammals. The 
black and Australian races are slightly nearer the apes than 
civilized peoples. In apes, as in the lower mammals, the pel- 
vis is higher than wide; when there is a degradation in the 
human pelvis it tends to become higher than wide, as seen in 
the pelvis of the Hottentots. In civilized man the legs are 
one half the height of the body, but in the South African, 
Hottentot, and Bushman the legs are a little less than half 
the height, and the thigh bone is flattened from side to side, 
as in the gorilla. The waist is broader in the African than 
in the European ; the os calcis is not longer in negroes than 
in the white mst the larger heel of the former being simply 
\ due to an expansion of the 
soft parts. 
The form of the skull va- 
ries greatly in the different 
races, and even in individ- 
uals of the same race of 
mankind. This is seen in 
the difference of the facial 
Fig. 538. _skull of a Negro, showing its angle. This is obtained by 
DROS UALDIRUE ATER NT drawing a line from the 
occipital condyle along the floor of the nostrils, and inter- 
secting it by a second, touching the most prominent parts 
of the forehead and upper jaw; the angle they make is 
an index of the cranial capacity, and of the degree of in- 
telligence of the individual. The facial angle in the reptiles 
is very slight, as it is in the birds ; in the dog it is 20°, in the 
gorilla 40°, in the Australian 85°, in the civilized Caucasian 
it averages 95°, while the Greek sculptors adopted an ideal 
angle of 100°. (Owen.*) When the lower part of the face 
protrudes, as in the negro, the face is said to be prognathous 
(Fig. 538) ; where the facial angle is high, and the face 
straight, as in the more intellectual forms, the cranium is 
* Pagenstecher states that the facial angle in the Caucasian Euro. 
pean is 80°-85°, and even over 90°; in the Mongolians 75°-80°; in 
negroes 70°-75°; in the tribe of Makoias in South Africa 64°; in the 
tribe of Tikki-Tikki, or Akka negroes, the dwarfs described by 
Schweinfurth, only 60°.—Allgemeine Zoologie, i., p. 250. 
