THE VARIETIES OF MAN. 627 
said to be orthognathous. Those skulls which are high and 
narrow, 7.e., with the longer diameter to the shorter, as 100 
to 65, are said to be dolichocephalic, while those with the 
diameters as 100 to 85 are called drachycephalic, but these dis- 
tinctions have been found to be quite arbitrary. 
The classification of the human races is in as an unsatis- 
factory state as that of the domestic animals. Naturalists 
are now agreed that there is but one species of man. Blu- 
menbach, from the shape of the skull and the color of the 
skin, divided mankind into three varieties, the white or Cau- 
casian, the brown or Mongolian, and the black or Ethiopian, 
considering the American variety as connecting the Caucasian 
and Mongolian, and the Malayan as intermediate between 
the Caucasian and Ethiopian. Hamilton Smith divided 
man into three varieties, Caucasian, Mongolian, and Tropi- 
cal; Latham, also, into three, Japetide, Mongolide, and 
Atlantide ; and Pickering into white, brown, and black 
varieties, with intermediate races. Huxley divides the dif- . 
ferent races into two primary groups, the Ulotrichi, with 
crisp or woolly hair, and the Letotricht with smooth hair. 
The average height of Englishmen is 5-8-5-10 feet ; in 
the universities more. In America, the average height of 
medical and military men is 5-93 feet. The Patagonian men 
are nearly six feet high on an average; the women 5-10 feet; 
the Bushman and Esquimaux 4-7, the latter being the small- 
est people on the earth. The smallest dwarfs in Europe 
were 33 and 28 inches in height respectively ; while Pat- 
rick Cotter, the Irish giant, was 8 feet 7 inches tall. 
It is claimed by some naturalists that man has descended 
from some generalized type of animal which gave rise to 
several series of forms culminating in the monkeys, apes, 
and man respectively, and by others that he is a direct 
descendant of forms like the chimpanzee or gorilla; but 
it is probable that from the want of sufficient data, 
the question as to the origin of man can never be def- 
initely settled. Setting hypothesis aside, in ascending 
the mammalian series, we have seen in the forms lead- 
ing fromthe extinct Eocene generalized types of Hd- 
ucabilia to the Carnivora and Primates, a tendency to 
an extreme specialization of those parts ministering to the 
