628 ZOOLOGY. 
intellectual behests of the creature. On the other hand, in 
all general points, man’s limbs are those of the primitive 
type so common in the Eocene Period. As Cope remarks : 
“He is plantigrade, has five toes, separate carpals and tar- 
sals; a short heel, rather flat astragalus, and neither hoofs 
nor claws, but something between the two. The bones of 
the fore arm and leg are not so unequal as in the higher 
types ; and remain entirely distinct from each other, and the 
ankle joint is not so perfect as in many of them. In his. 
teeth his character is thoroughly primitive. He possesses, in 
fact, the original quadrituberculate molar with but little 
modification. His structural superiority consists solely in 
the complexity and size of his brain.” 
Whether man in common with other animals is the result. 
of divinely ordered processes or biological laws, appearing at 
the head of a long series of forms, and, as probably many 
other animals have, with comparative suddenness, being at. 
the outset in all essential respects man, though a savage, and 
not with a long pedigree of morphologically impossible Dar- 
winian ‘‘ missing links,”—whether he thus originated, or by 
an independent creative act, the result is a being concerning’ 
whom the fact that he is physically an animal, is after all the 
least important characteristic of the nature of him who is 
the historian of his own and other species; who is capable: 
of studying and in a degree comprehending the universe in 
which he lives, and who whatever his physical origin may 
have been, has intellectual, moral, and spiritual capabilities. 
which render his nature susceptible of endless improvement, 
endowing him with immortality and all that it involves. 
Crass VIII.—MamMatta. 
Body covered with hair ; young nourished with milk secreted in mam- 
me; lower jaw articulating directly with the skull, the quadrate bone be- 
coming one of the ear-bones (malleus) ; a diaphragm dividing the body- 
cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions ; heart with the aorta reflect- 
ed over the left bronchu: | blood-corpuscles non-nucleated ; brain large, 
especially the cerebral hemispheres ; viviparous ; uterine gestation. 
Subclass [. Ornithodelphia.—Order Monotremata,—Urinary and gen- 
ital outlets opening into the cloaca. Laying large eggs. 
(Echidna, Ornithorhynchus). 
