48 FOREST VALUATION 



ago many foresters still believed in the dense stand, removed only 

 dead and dying trees. This did practically nothing to stimulate the 

 growth of the stand, either in volume or quality, and did not relieve 

 the stand of the struggle between individual trees. This method 

 furnished very little of value in thinnings and tended to produce 

 smaller timber for the final cut. 



As indicated by Schwappach's tables the modern practice is 

 now taking out as much volume in thinnings as is expected in the 

 final cut and the tendency is for further increase. With a closer 

 utilization and better prices for small stuff it seems a possibility to 

 increase the income from thinnings and in pine, oak and many hard- 

 woods, make it approach closely the money value of the final cut. 



3. The cost of reproduction, c of the formula, varies with site 

 species and methods and is greatly affected by enemies, fungi, in- 

 sects, rodents, also by season, storm, frost, or conditions which may 

 not be classed, ordinarily, with site. From a business point of view, 

 as expressed in the income value of the land, it is not enough that 

 reproduction may be accomplished but it is necessan- that a new 

 stand be established with certainty and safety, and in reasonable 

 time. Generally natural reproduction is considered cheaper than 

 planting. In many cases this is true. But if a stand of beech is 

 opened in the shelterwood plan and has perhaps a growth of less 

 than one per cent in value with only about one-half cover it is poor 

 economy to wait ten years and more, as has actually been done even 

 of late years, for natural re-seeding. In some cases where this was 

 observed in 1910 the land readily produces from four to seven dol- 

 lars worth of timber per acre and year so that the expense of ten 

 years waiting would plant up the area several times. 



a. Artificial reproduction. 



Schwappach in his tables for pine uses ten dollars per acre as 

 cost of planting on site I and V, the best and poorest lands. For 

 sites II to IV he uses eight dollars per acre. The higher price for 

 site I is due to the troublesome weeds and brush which come into 

 clear cut areas on good land and usually require extra work to keep 

 down. 



Endres, "Valuation," uses twelve dollars per acre and Schwap- 

 pach ten for all sites in spruce, for white fir Endres uses ten dollars 

 but evidently he has in mind that much of this is reproduced nat- 

 urally. For pine Endres follows Schwappach and uses ten dollars, 

 but does so for site III as well as I. For beech, where again arti- 

 ficial and natural reproduction are both employed and figures for 

 costs are mixed, he uses five dollars per acre. Reproduction of oak 



