COST 01? ARTIFICIAI, REPRODUCTION 49 



in Germany is rather costly since a great deal of protective work, 

 fencing, etc., must be done to prevent damage from game. Yet in 

 oak, as in beech the cost varies from almost nothing in good natural 

 reproduction to expensive planting of large transplants. The great- 

 er part of- oak is started artificially by very dense seeding. Schwap- 

 pach therefore puts reproduction costs in oak at fifteen dollars per 

 acre. 



For the state forests of Wiirttemberg, nearly five hundred 

 thousand acres, with sixty-nine per cent conifers and forty per cent 

 occupied by beech and white fir where natural reproduction prevails, 

 the official costs of reproduction include : drainage, seeding, whether 

 in the open or to assist natural reproduction, planting of all kinds 

 as well as maintenance of nurseries and purchase of seeds and 

 plants. But it does not include the extra expenses in logging due 

 to methods of natural reproduction, an item which would require 

 estimate from one piece of work to the next and so far is never 

 introduced in forest statistics. The following is taken from Graner, 

 for 1908: 



Total expense for reproduction $129,000, or 26 cents per acre 

 of forest, of this total there was for (round numbers) : 



1. Ditching $ iioo 



2. Seeding, new, 150 acres, corrections 40 acres, cost per acre 

 $10.30, total 2000 . 



3. Planting, new plantations 4430 acres, corrections 1130, cost 



per acre $10.03, cost per 1000 plants set out, $3.30, total. . . . 55800 



4. iMaintenance of nurseries, 500 acres 49100 



Cost of restocking lands or reproduction forms only seven 

 per cent of all expenses as against 12 per cent spent for roads in 

 1908. 



The high cost of seeding is due to the large proportion of oak. 

 In the pineries of Prussia reproduction by artificial seeding has been 

 revived by Splettstosser and the cost in some cases is less than a 

 dollar and a half an acre. But in dry years this method fails and the 

 cost of successful reproduction by seeding is still uncertain and 

 greater than is usually assumed. 



For the state forests of Prussia reproduction costs in 1900 

 were about twenty-seven cents per acre of forest. These expenses 

 have increased from about nine cents in 1870. 



In the Saxony state forests the average costs for restocking 

 were about twenty cents per acre of forest, including ditching work, 

 having approximately doubled since 1870. 



