STRIIOTUEB OP THE FORMATION 93 



small but definite patches. The yellow flowers of these three 

 species in draws, and of the goldenrod in meadows, color the 

 autumnal meadow aspect. 8. canadensis is perennial with 

 rootstalks, and is also a rosette former. Helianthus grosse- 

 serratus and H. giganteus are frequenters of banks of 

 streams, draws, ditches, etc. It has already been stated that 

 these two flowers occupy almost completely the banks of a 

 ditch extending the length of the sedge meadow ; in this loca- 

 tion, however, E. annuus grows with them, all three giving a 

 bright yellow to the eastern margin of the slough. H. grosse- 

 serratus and H. giganteus are perennial by fleshy roots and 

 rootstalks. 



Helenium atitiannale and Polygonum emersum are two 

 hydrophilous inhabitants of low wet meadows. Helenium 

 is pleiocyclic and occurs sparsely at a few locations in the 

 sedge meadow. In the meadows P. emersum is diffused 

 through the facies, as a sparse or subcopious plant, never at- 

 taining much size, nor blossoming, while in the sedge 

 meadow it forms a dense clump or patch from which all 

 other species are excluded, and which during anthesis be- 

 comes scarlet from the many flower spikes. Polygonum 

 persicari-a is perennial with horizontal, creeping rootstalks. 

 Aster paniculatus is a low meadow inhabitant frequently 

 growing in hydrophilous situations. It is found in four 

 quadrats out of six in the sedge meadow, with an average of 

 ten (subcopious 2). When growing in meadows proper or 

 on the banks of streams it often forms patches or clumps 

 which become conspicuous objects during September and 

 October from the many panicles of white-rayed flowers. In 

 the wet meadow the flowers are hardly noticeable on account 

 of the taller facies. The tall white aster is perennial by 

 means of rootstalks. The remaining species, Aster levis, A. 

 azureus, Ambrosia trifida, Carduus altissimus, Helianthus 

 annuus, H. tuberosum, Muhlenbergia racemosa, Acalypha 

 virginica, Cuscuta paradoxa, and Falcata pitcheri are ele- 

 ments of woodlands and thickets, or adventitious and ruderal 



