KUNGL. SV. VET. AKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR. BAND 56. N:O 2. 13 
arated from the mainland. All these mountains are, however, only to be considered 
as offshoots of the big Himalayan chain. 
When the low-lying countries at a later period were submerged by water, the Hi- 
malayan elements still retained their position up to the present time. 
Lower Siam and especially those parts which lay south of the Isthmus of Kra viz. 
about Lat. N. 10° 30! is inhabited by a Fauna in which the Malayan element is strongly 
pronounced but even north of Kra this same Malayan element may be traced though 
mixed with immigrants from the north. Curiously enough the Malayan forms seem to 
extend further north on the eastern side of the mountain ridge than on the western one 
and several forms have been obtained further north on the eastern or Siamese side. 
The course of this is still open to question, as the types of the landscape are almost 
the same. The reasons may, however, possibly be the different meteorological condi- 
tions. The western side of the Malay Peninsula is much more exposed to the full violence 
of the monsoon than the eastern side and this may prevent several delicate species to 
force their way north. 
Species occurring both in Hainan and in Siam. 
Gallus gallus. 
Francolinus chinensis. 
Treron nipalensis. 
Osmotreron bicincta donwwilli. 
Carpophaga cenea. 
Alsocomus puniceus. 
Macropygia tusalia. 
Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis. 
Chalcophaps indica. 
Amaurornis phenicura chinensis. 
Rostratula capensis. 
Hoplopterus ventralis. 
Glareola maldivarum. 
Ardetta sinensis. 
>» — cinnamomea. 
Ardeola bacchus. 
Gorsachius melanolophus. 
Butorides javanica. 
Bubuleus coromandus. 
Demiegretta sacra. 
Leptoptilus javanicus. 
Querquedula querquedula. 
Netiopus coromandelianus. 
Dendrocygna javanica. 
Pelecanus philippensis. 
Glaucidium brodiei. 
Ketupa zeylonensis. 
Astur trivirgatus rufitinetus. 
>»  badius poliopsis. 
Accipiter soloénsis. 
Spizaétus nipalensis. 
Spilornis cheela rutherfordi. 
Baza lophotes. 
Eurystomus orientalis calonyx. 
Halcyon pileata. 
Halcyon smyrnensis fusca. 
Ceyx tridactyla. 
Alcedo ispida bengalensis. 
Upupa epops longirostris. 
Nyctiornis atherthont. 
Tthopodytes tristis hainanus. 
Centropus sinensis intermedius. 
Surniculus lugubris dicruroides. 
Hierococcyx sparverioides. 
Paleornis fasciata. 
Apus affinis subfurcatus. 
Tachornis infumata. 
Rhipidura albicollis. 
Cyornis pallidipes. 
Alseonax latirostris. 
Pericrocotus griseigularis. 
> fraterculus. 
Volvocivora lugubris saturata. 
Garrulax moniliger. 
> pectoralis. 
Copsychus saularis. 
Pratincola torquata stejnegeri. 
Monticola cyanea. 
Sutoria sutoria. 
Phylloscopus tennellipes. 
Artamus fuscus. 
Melanochlora sultanea. 
Diceum cruentata coccinea. 
Uroloncha acuticauda. 
Oriolus indicus, 
Dissemurus paradiseus. 
Buchanga atra cathoeca. 
Chaptia enea. 
Sturnia sinensis. 
