GENERAL PART OF EXAMINATION. 35 



brana nictitans appearing plainly before the eve; the tail is 

 carried high and stiff, and the gait inflexible and laborious. 



Restless Standing. Most commonly seen in horses suffer- 

 ing from colic and acute brain diseases. The former are rest- 

 less, lie down, roll, and get right up again. In many cases 

 it is only with difficulty that they can be kept on their feet; 

 when down it may be equally hard to drive them up. Thev 

 often look at the flanks, paw, strike the belly with the hind 

 feet, switch the tail, and stretch as if to urinate without void- 

 ing urine. At times they sit up like a dog. 



Like symptoms but of shorter duration are observed in 

 the ox suffering from invagination of the intestines, torsion of 

 the uterus in cows and from urethral stones and peritoneal 

 hernia in steers. 



Horses with acute brain disease show at times rabiform 

 symptoms, plunging, rearing and breaking loose. When not 

 tied they keep forging ahead or continue aimlessly walking 

 in a circle. 



Restless, anxious moving about is seen in many cases of 

 severe dyspnea. 



Gait. A labored, slow, exhausted, wobbling gait is noted 

 m severe febrile diseases. It is especially marked in influ- 

 enza of the horse. In tetanus, muscular rheumatism and 

 purpura hemorrhagica the gait is stiff. Lameness of one or 

 more limbs is seen in foot and mouth disease and pyemia 

 (pyemic arthritis). The gait is unphysiological in acute and 

 chronic hydrocephalus. In the trotter disease of sheep the 

 patient does not walk but goes at a stiff trot. The crackling 

 of joints is heard especially in equine influenza. 

 _^ Lying postures assumed during Disease. Animals 

 found lying down and that can not be made to rise should be 

 examined very carefully. In them the examination is always 

 difficult. We should first try to drive them up by speaking 

 to them in a sharp tone of voice and assisting them by me- 

 chanical means. It is important to determine whether they 



