GENERAL PART OF EXAMINATION. 61 



In congestion of blood in the intestines (embolism of 

 intestinal arteries, displacement or torsions of the bowels). 



Paleness appears as a chronic condition: 



In constitutional diseases of the blood-making organs 

 (leucemia, hydremia). 



In all chronic diseases which lead to anemia or hydremia, 

 glanders, tuberculosis, distomatosis (liver flukes) and para- 

 sitic diseases of the stomach and lungs of sheep. 



2. J'cious engorgement does not always come from 

 plethora. It may be ramiform, diffuse or punctiform, and 

 varies in color from a brick red to dark red (cyanotic). 



a. Ramiform congestion from disease occurs: 



In congestion of the head due to hyperemia of the brain, 

 encephalitis. The blood vessels are plainly marked in the dif- 

 fusely reddened conjunctiva. 



When the return of the venous blood from the head is 

 retarded. Characterized by distension of the veins. Occurs 

 in organic heart diseases, heart's weakness, pulmonary em- 

 physema. 



b. A diffuse, faded bluish-red discoloration of the con- 

 junctiva is found in conditions leading to an overcharging of 

 the blood with CO,. It is seen in febrile diseases (infectious 

 diseases), and wherever air is prevented from passing freely 

 into the lungs : diseases of the respiratory tract, respiratory 

 muscles, or heart. 



Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastro- 

 intestinal tract in the course of colic, produces a cyanotic con- 

 junctiva; if fever appears it becomes ramiform (a bad sign). 



c. Spotted or punctiform reddening is almost always 

 due to hemorrhage in the conjunctiva. The color is, there- 

 fore, bluish-red and the form round or streaked (petechia, 

 ecchymoses). Seen in purpura hemorrhagica, anthrax, severe 

 anemia and in pernicious anemia. 



3. Yellow (icteric) discoloration (jaundice) 



