34 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



abdominal walls (pleurodynia, pleuritis, peritonitis). Stal- 

 lions suffering from incarcerated inguinal hernia and oxen 

 with peritoneal hernia (gut tie) stand with the hind leg of 

 the affected side held backward and outward. 



Unphysiological attitudes. Animals afflicted with brain 

 troubles (acute or sub-acute encephalitis, dummies) very 

 often assume unnatural attitudes. Horses stand obliquely in 

 the stall, the head in a corner, resting against the wall or 

 sunk under the feed box. The limbs are drawn well up under 

 the abdomen, and not infrequently one leg is placed in a very 

 unphysiological position, perhaps crossing its fellow of the 

 opposite side. Dummies stand unusually quiet and seem 

 oblivious of their surroundings. They move without energy, 

 and are backed with the utmost difficulty. (See under "Cen- 

 tral Nervous System," "Examination of Dummies"). 



In acute brain diseases the horse does not continuously 

 assume these attitudes but only at times. 



Continued standing is observed in: 



a. Old, worn-out horses. 



b. Pneumonia and Pleuritis. As a rule if the animals 

 lie down in these diseases it is on the diseased side, and for the 

 following reasons : because the slight pressure of the ground 

 against the body ameliorates the pain, and the pleuritic exudate 

 (the effusion in the chest) does not encroach so much upon 

 the heart and the still healthy lung. The respirations are 

 always more difficult when the animal is lying down. [In 

 peritonitis resulting from castration horses very commonly 

 remain standing; when forced to move they do so with hind 

 legs held in abduction, advancing very stiffly]. 



c. Severe Dyspnea. The head is held extended to allow 

 the air the easiest possible access to the lungs, thus facilitat- 

 ing inspiration. 



d. Horses suffering from acute diseases of the brain. 



e. Horses suffering from Tetanus. The stand with 

 legs braced like a saw horse, the head somewhat extended and 

 held high, the back held rigid. It is very difficult for them 

 to step sideways. The facial expression is anxious, the mem- 



