92 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



tolic bruit. Diastolic sound clear, loud. Dyspnea on exercise. 



Stenosis of the bicuspid (Mitral) valves. Rare 

 when unattended with insufficiency; an uncommon lesion com- 

 pared with insufficiency. Pulse small and very weak. Diastolic 

 and pre-systolic bruits. Great dyspnea. 



Insufficiency of the tricuspid valves. Rarely 

 primary in the horse, mostly secondary to diseases involving the 

 left ventricle, leading to hypertrophy of the right heart. In the 

 ox frequently primary. Systolic bruits, venous congestion, venous 

 pulse. 



Stenosis of the tricuspid valves. Happens only 

 in the ox and is then combined with insufficiency. Diastolic bruits, 

 great venous congestion, dyspnea. 



Insufficiency of the aortic semilunar valves. 

 Full, strong, hopping pulse, pulsation in peripheral arteries. 

 Diastolic bruit. Hypertrophy of the left heart. 



Stenosis of the aorta. Mostly combined with insuf- 

 ficiency. Harsh systolic bruit. Long-drawn-out, slow, small pulse 

 (28-32 in the horse). Hypertrophy, attacks of vertigo during exer- 

 cise (work). 



Valvular diseases of the pulmonary artery 

 are very rare. 



Termination, of all valvular diseases. In 

 chronic heart diseases the hypertrophy and dilatation of the ven- 

 tricle is followed by a relative insufficiency of the valves. Semi- 

 lunar defects lead to a relative insufficiency of bicuspids; bicuspid 

 defects to a relative insufficiency of the tricuspids. The special 

 diagnosis of the primary lesion is then very difficult. As sequela, 

 finally, the following symptoms appear: small, irregular pulse, sys- 

 tolic and diastolic bruits, congestion of veins, venous pulse, 

 edemas, dyspnea, albuminuria, dropsy, attacks of vertigo, emacia- 

 tion and great weakness. 



Pericarditis. Mostly a symptom of other diseases. Moderate 

 fever, congestion of mucous membranes. Pulse rapid, heart's 

 beat weak or imperceptible, zone of cardiac dullness increased, 

 pericardial (frictional) bruits, which disappear when fluid exudate 

 becomes prevalent. The pressure of the exudate upon the veins 

 causes congestion in jugulars (venous pulse). 



Traumatic pericarditis of the ox. Begins usually with the 

 symptoms of an acute indigestion (traumatic inflammation of the 

 stomach and diaphragm), which may continue for some time. If 

 the pointed foreign body is driven forward, which is commonly 

 caused by the expulsive efforts of the abdominal muscles during 

 the act of parturition, it usually reaches the heart. The general 

 condition of the patient is greatly disturbed, the expression com- 

 plaining, anxious. The animals stand with back arched and held 

 stiffly, do not like to lie down, and when recumbent rest con- 

 tinually on the sternum. When arising they utter complaints. 

 Temperature variable, external (surface) temperature never quite 



