112 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



IV. The Nasal Cavities and Adjacent Sinuses. 



1. The external appearance of the facial bones will readily 

 betray any deformity. Circumscribed enlargements are 

 due to tumors and a bulging of the sinuses in chronic catarrhs. 

 Diffuse enlargements attend rachitis and osteoporosis, "big 

 head." Depressions have a traumatic origin. Swellings 

 appearing at the nasal openings and nostrils are common in 

 pupura hemorragica. Tumors (atheromas) are frequent 

 in the false nostrils. 



The specific pathological conditions 

 which occur about the lips and nose are the pustules and 

 ulcers which attend contagious stomatitis, the pox pustules of 

 sheep pox, and the vesicles on the muzzle of the ox and snout 

 of swine suffering from foot and mouth disease. 



When a nasal discharge has existed for a long time, the 

 integument of the nose and lips over which it flows loses its 

 pigment. The white streaks thus formed speak for the 

 chronicity of the discharge. 



2. The examination of the nasal mucous membrane. The 

 nasal mucous membrane is available to inspection only in 

 the horse. Local lesions occurring on it are often of great 

 diagnostic importance. 



Method of examination. The head of the animal should be 

 elevated and the inner cartilaginous wing of the nostril grasped 

 between the thumb and middle finger which draws it upward and 

 outward; the extended index finger is then inserted under the 

 outer wing, which it distends. The patient should face the light, 

 except when the rhinoscope (an enlarged ophthalmoscope) is used. 



a. Discolorations. Indistinct, punctiform, or ramiform 

 redness is not infrequently seen in acute and chronic catarrhs ; 

 they are due to the peculiar anastomosing of the capillaries 

 and are of no diagnostic value. 



Deep redness is mostly the result of hemorrhages in the 

 mucous membrane. They appear mostly punctiform and can 

 be as large as a ten-cent piece, they are well circumscribed 



