114 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



d. Nodules from the size of a millet seed to that of a 

 peppercorn almost exclusively attend glan- 

 ders. Exceptionally they result from contagious stomatitis, 

 but in such cases like nodules are to be found in the mucous 

 membrane of the mouth. To prevent mistaking particles of 

 mucus for true nodules, the supposed nodule should be pal- 

 pated with the finger ; if mucus particles, we can thus wipe 

 them off. 



e. Ulcers. Nexttonodules, ulcers form 

 the most important criterium in diag- 

 nosing glanders. Glanders ulcers have jagged bor- 

 ders circumscribed by rounded, elevated walls. The base of 

 the ulcer is sunken, uneven, grey in color, and of lardaceous 

 appearance. The favorite seat of the glanders ulcer is on the 

 medial border of the inner cartilaginous wing of the nostril, 

 hence "this place should always be examined. 



In rare cases ulceration of the nasal mucous membrane 

 also attends stomatitis and purpura hemorrhagica. For dif- 

 ferentiation the concomitant symptoms must be considered, 

 such as ulcers on the buccal mucous membrane, petechiae, etc. 



Very superficial pittings with sharp 

 borders — not rounded nor red colored — represent the 

 catarrhal or erosion ulcer. 



f. Cicatrices at the lower end of the nasal septum are 

 mostly the result of previous wounds. They are often curved 

 ( ( as if made with a finger-nail. Glanders cicatrices are as 

 a rule more or less star-shaped. 



g. A narrowing of the nasal passages and the presence 

 of tumors may be determined by the use of a hard rubber 

 sound such as is furnished with the Polansky-Schindelka lar- 

 yngoscope. [An ordinary urinary catheter serves the same 

 purpose.] The sound should be passed beyond the posterior 

 nares. In thorough-breds the nasal cavities are usually larger 

 than in coarsely bred horses. Wherever there is unilateral 

 nasal discharge and wheezing, blowing respirations present, 

 the nose should be sounded. 



