RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 121 



is coughed up into the throat, as soon as it reaches the phar- 

 ynx, is swallowed. Sometimes, however, a part is discharged 

 through the mouth, the lower naso-pharyngeal wall and the 

 soft palate being forced forward by the air passing out, which 

 leaves the opening into the buccal cavity free. The thus ex- 

 pectorated mass is usually mixed with mucus from the phar- 

 ynx and mouth and also with food particles. 



It is possible to collect "sputum" from horses and cattle 

 for microscopic or bacteriological purposes. The method of 

 obtaining it is to cause the animal to cough, then place a spec- 

 ulum in the mouth and reaching back with your hand as far 

 as the larynx, gather the accumulated mucus in this region. 



Several times in horses suffering from tuberculosis I 

 have thus succeeded in obtaining bronchial discharge in which 

 tubercle bacilli were found. 



To obtain bronchial discharge in tubercular suspects it 

 has been recommended to insert a tracheotomy tube and pass 

 a swab of cotton on the end of a wire through the opening 

 wiping the inner wall of the wind pipe down to its bifurcation. 

 Ostertag causes the ox to cough by closing the nostrils for a 

 minute. He then introduces a long-handled, narrow spoon 

 between the left cheek teeth and the tongue as far back into 

 the throat as he can reach, turns the spoon up side down, 

 draws it back about 10 cm., then rights and withdraws it par- 

 tially filled with bronchial discharge. (See also Examination 

 for Tuberculosis.) 



VII. The Voice. 



Cattle suffering from nymphomania keep up an almost 

 continuous bellowing; in advanced cases they moan loudly 

 and constantly. At the approach of death horses sometimes 

 utter a shrill neigh. 



Change in voice is of little significance in animals. 

 Commonly we observe a hoarse voice in laryngeal catarrhs. 



