136 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



tity varies. Nasal mucous membrane pale, sometimes catarrhal 

 erosions. Enlargement of the submaxillary lymph glands. 



Chronic catarrh of the superior maxillary and frontal sinuses. 

 Symptoms of unilateral chronic nasal catarrh. When head is low- 

 ered discharge suddenly increases. Bulging of the diseased 

 sinuses; if filled with exudate flat sound on percussion. 



Catarrh of the guttural pouches. Rare. Usually a secondary 

 condition. Generally unilateral, mucopurulent nasal discharge, 

 thickening of the posterior portion of the submaxillary lymph 

 glands, swelling of soft consistency in parotid region, which when 

 massaged causes nasal discharge to increase. In severe cases 

 dyspnea and dysphagia. 



Tumors in the cavities of the head. Most common are sar- 

 comas in the sinuses and polypi in the nasal cavities. Chronic 

 nasal discharge, enlargements, wheezing respiratory sounds, sub- 

 maxillary glands also diseased. 



Parasites in the cavities of the head. Larvae of Oestrus ovis 

 in the sheep, pentastomum taenioides in the dog. Sneezing, nasal 

 discharge, wheezing respirations, brain symptoms. 



b. Larynx and Bronchi. 



Acute laryngeal catarrh. Laryngitis acuta. Cough which is 

 at first dry and painful, later more moist. When disease is severe: 

 mild fever, accelerated pulse, dyspnea with laryngeal stenotic 

 sound. 



Croupous laryngitis. Sudden fever, sometimes chills. Per- 

 sistent, hacking cough. Loud laryngeal stenotic sounds, great in- 

 spiratory dyspnea. 



Edema of the glottis. Suddenly appearing severe inspiratory 

 dyspnea, loud wheezing or shrieking respiratory noise, head held 

 extended. Stenotic sound does not disappear by partially closing 

 the nasal openings. Peracute course. 



Chronic laryngeal. Cough, especially when the animal is first 

 brought out into the air and at work. 



Roaring. Hemiplegia laryngis sinistra. An atrophy of the 

 muscles of the larynx due to a paralysis of the inferior laryngeal 

 nerve (recurrent), which causes an inspiratory sound. No fever, 

 no catarrhal symptoms. Prolonged hoarse cough with return 

 sound. Inspiratory sound when respirations are forced. Partial 

 closing of the nasal openings causes sound to cease. 



Acute paralysis of the larynx. Suddenly appearing severe 

 inspiratory dyspnea, which is apparent when the animal is at rest 

 or slightly excited; loud whistling or shrieking respiratory noises, 

 anxiety, restlessness. Partial closing of the nasal openings dimin- 

 ishes the sound. General condition not disturbed. 



Acute bronchial catarrh. May only be diagnosed when dis- 

 ease is well developed. Fever, accelerated pulse, dyspnea, cough 

 which is at first dry, later loose. Full sound on percussion. On 

 auscultation, rales which depend as to character upon the seat and 

 quantity of the exudate. 



