138 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



d. Pleura. 



Pleurisy. Pleuritis. Fever depending upon the character of 

 the inflammation. Respirations accelerated and dyspneic. Fre- 

 quent, painful, weak cough. Horizontal line of dullness on per- 

 cussion above which a tympanitic sound is observed. Percussion 

 will vary with the position of the body of the patient. In early 

 stages friction sounds are heard on auscultation, later when much 

 effusion of exudate takes place no respiratory sounds are audible. 



Pneumothorax. Attends interstitial emphysema of the lungs 

 or penetrating wounds in the chest wall. Tympanitic percussion 

 sound in the upper portions of the thorax. Severe dyspnea. 



e. Infectious Diseases Which Involve the 

 Respiratory Apparatus. 



Contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse. (Brustseuche.) 

 [According to Ffutyra and Marek, the German "Brustseuche" and 

 what is known in the United States sometimes as "contagious pneu- 

 monia" of the horse, is the pectoral (lung and pleural) form of in- 

 fluenza.] This is a contagious pneumonia affecting the parenchyma 

 of the various organs and is usually attended with secondary pieu- 

 ritis. 1. Stadium incrementi begins with high fever, yellow discol- 

 oration of the visible mucous membranes, general weakness, crack- 

 ling of joints. 2. Acme. Does not appear before the second or 

 third day. Symptoms of fibrinous pneumonia with or without 

 pleurisy, usually unilateral. Rusty brown nasal discharge, empty 

 percussion sound with resistance under the hammer, bronchial 

 respirations. Pleuritis: Empty percussion sound limited by a 

 horizontal line above which is a tympanitic zone. Friction sounds 

 which soon pass away, later no sound or bronchial respiration. 3. 

 Stadium decrements The crisis appears in 7 or 8 days, tempera- 

 ture within 24-36 hours down to normal, all other symptoms, also 

 pulse frequency gradually disappearing in 8 days. Complications: 

 pleurisy, acute myocarditis. Resulting diseases: pulmonary gan- 

 grene, abscesses in the lungs, chronic pneumonia. 



Scalma (Dieckerhoff) is a diffuse, infectious bronchitis with 

 subacute course. 



Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by 

 the bacillus tuberculosis and characterized by the formation of 

 very small inflammatory centers which soon undergo degenera- 

 tion. The disease develops very slowly. Only advanced cases 

 can be diagnosed by physical examination. Symptoms will vary 

 with organ affected. Very often general emaciation. 



1. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Respirations often unchanged. 

 Sometimes mucopurulent nasal discharge, especially after cough- 

 ing. Cough regularly present. It is at first vigorous, but later 

 becomes weak and not infrequently in paroxysms. Coughing may 

 be induced by trotting the patient or by temporarily closing the 

 nostrils, if it does not occur spontaneously. Percussion rarely 



