146 



CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



Besides the symptoms of difficult deglutition we observe 

 in addition: salivation, foaming t -+ mouth, ejecting food from 

 mouth while coughing, retention and fermentation of food 

 in mouth cavity. 



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it • - i<l 



Inspection of the_ Mouth Cavity. 



II. The Buccal Cavity. 



We usually examine the buccal cavity by daylight and 

 without the aid of instruments ; artificial illumination with 

 reflectors, lamps, or electric lights is sometimes useful but 

 not necessary. 



Method of Examination. In the horse and ox the hand is 

 passed into the mouth at the bars, the tongue firmly grasped, and 

 the thumb pressed against the palate. This procedure will, as a 

 rule, cause the animal to open its mouth wide. Another prac- 

 tical method consists in grasping with the hands, on both sides, 

 the upper lips at the commissures and resting the thumbs against 

 the palate. In dogs and cats we grasp, with our hands, the upper 

 and lower jaws, at the same time pressing the lips between the 

 teeth; hereupon the animal opens its mouth wide enough to 

 permit inspection. 



Restless animals must first be secured and then towels or 

 cords are passed between the dental arches, and by means of these 

 the jaws are forced apart. 



