170 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



hypostomus, filicollis and cernuus, Tenia expansa, Tricho 

 cephalus affinis, and [Tenia fimbriata]. In the bile ducts: 

 Distomum hepaticum and lanceolatum, and [Tenia fimbriata]. 



Goat: Strongylus contortus, hypostomus, filicollis and 

 venulosus, Trichocephalus affinis. Tenia expansa. 



Pig: Spiroptera strongylina, Trichina spiralis, Ascaris 

 lumbricoides, Echynorynchus gigas, Strongylus dentatus, Tri- 

 cocephalus dispar. In the liver : Distomum hepaticum and 

 lanceolatum. 



Dog: Tenia echinococcus, cenurus, marginata, serrata, 

 cucumerina, Bothriocephalus cordatus and latus, Ascaris mys- 

 tax, Dochmius trigonocephalus, Trichocephalus depressiuscu- 

 lus. 



The discharge of intestinal gases occurs only in horses 

 and dogs ; corn and green feed produce these gases in large 

 quantities. In old cows, with chronic affections of the rec- 

 tum or undue laxness of the sphincter ani, air is often sucked 

 in during the act of expiration and expelled again at inspira- 

 tion, thus producing a sound as though intestinal gases were 

 being discharged. 



Addendum. An examination of the liver and spleen of 

 domesticated animals is usually impossible and of no prac- 

 tical importance because diseases of these organs are rare. 

 As a rule, therefore, no examination is attempted. 



The liver of dogs, cats and sheep will permit limited 

 palpation only, considerable hypertrophies, tumors (carino- 

 mata) may be recognized. 



In cattle the liver, if much enlarged, may be palpated per 

 rectum and its character determined. 



In tuberculosis we may recognize nodules, and in echin- 

 ococcus infection recognize fluctuating vesicles. 



In a horse, Marek could palpate the hyperthrophied liver 

 at the last rib. 



