URINARY APPARATUS. 17] 



^ In cattle the liver is always accessible to percussion since 

 it lies completely on the right side, extending from the upper 

 end of the last rib and forming a curve ending at the lower 

 third of the sixth intercostal space. 



Since the border of the liver is thin, percussion sounds 

 are dulled only in the field of percussion of the lining begin- 

 ning at the next to the last rib and extending to the eighth 

 intercostal space in the form of a semicircle. 



Slight deviations in size cannot be determined. 



The spleen is accessible to palpation in the horse only, 

 m the upper posterior region, through the rectum. 



It extends to the posterior border of the last rib. 



Enlarged in leukemia, nodulated in tuberculosis. 



Diseases of the Digestive Apparatus. 



a. Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus. 



Stomatitis. Here the morbid changes can be directly ob- 

 served; three forms: Stomatitis catarrhalis, st. vesicularis, st. 

 ulcerosa. 



Ptyalism. A continued discharge of large quantities of saliva 

 without any assignable cause. 



Actinomycosis. Multiple tumor at the lower maxilla, tongue, 

 pharynx or adjacent regions, caused by Streptotrix actinomyces. 



Pharyngitis, Angina pharyngea. More or less fever accord- 

 ing to the character of the inflammation. Head held up, neck 

 stiff. Appetite present but mastication and especially deglutition 

 impaired. Food and particularly water ejected through the nose. 

 Accumulation of saliva and food in the mouth, salivation; foreign 

 bodies (food) in larynx, and cough. More or less symptoms ot 

 laryngitis, in serious cases dyspnea as a result of swelling of 

 laryngeal mucous membrane. 



Paralysis of esophagus and pharynx. Dysphagia paralytica, 

 difficult deglutition and absence of inflammatory symptoms. 



Foreign bodies in esophagus. Most frequent in cattle (but 

 also observed in horses); salivation, inability to swallow, choking, 

 flow of saliva from nose; tympanitis in cattle. Foreign body in 

 cervical portion of esophagus can be seen or felt. 



