1T2 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



Esophageal stenoses and diverticula usually develop slowly 

 and gradually. Symptoms: Sudden interruption in feeding, im- 

 paction of esophagus with food; regurgitation, choking. Dis- 

 charged masses are foamy but not sour. 



bpasm or Cramp of the Esophagus. Esophogism. Periodically 

 spasmodic contraction of the esophagus, inability to swallow, sali- 

 vation, restlessness. 



Diseases of the teeth in animals produce trouble in feeding. 

 Animals begin eating with apparent appetite, but soon stop or 

 continue with diminished interest, masticate slowly and carefully, 

 smack their lips, pause, salivate, reject partially masticated food, 

 swallow their grain whole, masticate roughage poorly, don't eat 

 a full feed, feces contain large particles of food, sometimes there 

 is a tendency to diarrhea. The following conditons of the teeth 

 are of clinical importance, viz., sharp teeth, very oblique grinding 

 surfaces (shear-jaws), an undulating or irregular set of teeth, pro- 

 jecting or depressed teeth; caries of the teeth, tartar deposits; 

 periostitis alveolaris, tooth fistulae, neoformations on the alveolar 

 periosteum. 



b. Gastric and Intestinal Diseases of the Horse. 



Acute dyspepsia. Lack or loss of appetite, particularly for 

 grain; animals lick cold objects. Thirst is increased, buccal mu- 

 cous membrane dry, animals yawn frequently. 



Acute gastro-intestinal catarrh. Usually fever, animal is 

 downcast, conjunctiva reddened, sometimes icteric. Appetite much 

 impaired, frequent yawning, buccal mucous membrane reddened 

 and clammy; feces at first dry, later diarrheic; urine acid, with- 

 out sediment, contains much indican. 



Chronic dyspepsia. Chronically impaired appetite. Gastric 

 disturbances. 



1. Simple chronic dyspepsia. Appetite for con- 

 centrated food (grain) impaired, otherwise normal. 



2. Acid dyspepsia. Impaired appetite, but a craving 

 for alkalies; licking whitewashed walls, nibbling at soiled litter. 



3. Nervous dyspepsia. This occurs in easily excitable 

 horses and consists in temporary disturbances of appetite after 

 excitement. 



Chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh. Gastro-enteritis catarrhalis 

 chronica. Soft consistency of feces, or hard and soft alternately, 

 containing mucus, appetite impaired. Mucous membranes muddy 

 red. Urine acid. 



Gastro-enteritis. Inflammation of the stomach 

 and intestine. High fever, great depression of the sensorium, 

 mucous membranes muddy red; pulse very rapid, respiration in- 

 creased. Complete loss of appetite, buccal mucous membrane hot, 

 feces as in diarrhea, foul odor, and bloody. Rising is painful. 

 Forms: Gastro-enteritis rheumatica, toxica, cruposa, mycotica, 

 parasitica. 



