178 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



(a) When secretion is diminished, or when it ceases 

 entirely (anuria) in acute nephritis. Diminished secretion is 

 characterzed clinically by less frequent urination, continued 

 emptyness of the bladder, concentrated and dark colored 

 urine. 



(b) When obstructions exist in the urethra (ischuria, 

 retentio urinse) characterized by abnormal fulness of the 

 bladder, Concrements, swellings, strictures, tumors. Urine is 

 passed in drops or in a thin stream often accompanied by 

 pain. 



When paralysis of the bladder exists, often accompanied 

 by paralysis of the rectum and of the tail (myelitis spinalis). 

 Urine is then often evacuated involuntarily during locomotion. 



3. Urination is entirely suppressed in rupture of the 

 bladder following prolonged retention of urine. Most fre- 

 quent as a result of urethral calculi in wethers and steers. 

 The urine is evacuated into the abdominal cavity. Exhalations 

 from the body have a uriniferous odor. 



b. Abnormally frequent attempts to urinate, only 

 slight quantities of urine being passed at each attempt, 

 stranguria. The cause of this is an abnormal irritability of 

 the mucous membrane of the bladder and urethra. Such 

 conditions are most frequently observed in the course of 

 colic in horses where the distended intestines (impaction, con- 

 stipation, tympanitis) exert a pressure on the bladder, or the 

 sense of fulness of the abdomen causes the animals to make 

 these attempts. Inflammatory conditions of the bladder 

 (bladder diseases, stone and gravel, neoformations, poison- 

 ing with irritating substances) or of the urethra (applica- 

 tions of pepper) are much less common causes. Mares in 

 oestrum often show these symptoms at the same time re- 

 peatedly protruding the clitoris. 



c. When urination is painful the term dysuria is ap- 

 plied. The animals are restless, step to and fro, kick at 

 their bellies, switch their tails, look back at the abdomen, 



