182 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



an alkaline reaction because the epithelial cells swell more 

 in the former. 



All other domestic animals excrete a more watery urine. 



e. The Odor of Urine. The freshly voided urine has 

 an odor peculiar to each species of animal. After medical 

 treatment with oil of turpentine the urine has . an odor of 

 violets. The odor of menthol, phenol and cresol, if given in 

 medicinal doses, can be detected in the urine. 



If freshly voided urine has a pungent ammoniacal odor, 

 cystitis is indicated. 



f. The specific gravity of urine is determined with an 

 araeometer, also called urinometer when specially con- 

 structed for this specific purpose. 



The specific gravity for the 



horse is 1020—1050, average 1040, 

 ox " 1025—1045, " 1030, 



dog " 1020—1060, " 1040. 



The specific gravity varies inversely with the quantity. 

 Aside from this an abnormally low specific gravity is 

 observed in diabetes insipidus (1001-1010) and in contracted 

 kidney. 



An abnormally high specific gravity is observed in 

 all cases where the amount of urine secreted is below the 

 normal (fever) and in acute nephritis. High specific 

 gravity and increased quantity is observed 

 only in diabetes mellitus. 



B. Chemical Examination of the Urine. 



a. The reaction of the urine of healthy animals de- 

 pends on the kind of food: herbivora (horse, ox, sheep, goat) 

 secrete an alkaline urine, carnivora (dog, cat) secrete acid 

 urine In omnivora the reaction depends altogether on the 

 food. Acidity increases with the nitrogen contents of the 

 food. 



In herbivora the alkaline reaction is due to the 

 presence of acid bicarbonate of lime CO s H — Ca — C0 3 H. 



