URINARY APPARATUS. 189 



creased; this is particularly the case in digestive disorders 

 accompanied with diminished peristalsis, digestion and ab- 

 sorption. Constipation of the ileum produces the largest 

 amount of indican ; impaction of the colon on the other hand 

 % attended with much less indican formation. 



Diarrhea is attended with diminished indican formation. 



Test for Indican Mix equal parts of urine arid 



■mr v nunc acid in a test tube, shake well; then add, drop by drop 

 -.lllowed by repeated shaking, a fresh solution of chloride of lime! 

 this causes the formation and precipitation of indigo, recognized 

 by its blue color. The addition of chloroform followed by thor- 

 ough agitation, dissolves the indigo and the resultant blue solution 

 settles at the_ bottom of the test tube. 



Quantitative Determination. according to 

 Bauer. Take 20 cc of the urine, slightly acidulated with acetic 

 acid, precipitate with two, or if necessary, with four cc of a 20% 

 solution of acetate of lead, filter through a dry filter paper; take 

 11 or 12 cc (enough to represent 10 cc of urine) of the filtrate 

 and add an equal volume of Obermayer's Reagent (solution of 

 chloride of iron in fuming hydrochloric acid 2:1000). Upon the 

 appearance of a dark coloration, always occurring in urine con- 

 taining indican in any quantity, allow the solution to stand a few 

 minutes, add 20 cc of chloroform and shake thoroughly for about 

 fifteen seconds. After a short time, when the chloroform ha? 

 settled to the bottom of the test tube as a clear blue solution, pour 

 a portion of the chloroform into an absorption-test-vessel of 4mm 

 depth, place the vessel upon a piece of paper adjacent to the colore 

 in the table, and by comparison determine whi^h solution has a 

 corresponding amount of indican. If the color corresponds in 

 shade to that given in plate I, the urine contains 50 mg of indigc 

 blue per liter, if it corresponds to the shade indicated in plate II 

 it contains 100 mg per liter, etc. If the shade is darker than 

 indicated in plate VI, add an equal volume of distilled water, or 

 if necessary, several volumes; make comparisons as explained and 

 multiply the result with two, three, etc., as the case may be. 



d. Bile Pigments. Choleurea. Under normal condi- 

 tions bile pigments do not occur in the blood of animals 

 and are therefore also absent in the urine. Bile pigments 

 are always formed in the liver ; if in the course of disease 

 they are found in the blood (cholemia) or in the urine 

 (choluria) they must have originated in the liva Bile 



