24 Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization 



and difficult, as the right food of the larvae must be raised in 

 the form of cultures. For our experiments we shall consider 

 only the rearing of the pluteus stage. The kind of chemical 

 activation of the egg, called in this book "improved method," 

 causes a development in the unfertilized sea-urchin egg which in 

 a great number of cases corresponds to the form of development 

 of the fertilized egg just described. The first division alone 

 usually shows small irregularities, but these disappear in later 

 divisions. On the whole, the reader can also apply the fore- 

 going descriptions to artificial parthenogenesis. 



The experiments described in this book were performed upon 

 eggs such as are deposited by the female in the water. Usually 

 males and females of these forms are found together in great 

 numbers, and on certain days both sexes in one region simul- 

 taneously pour their sexual cells into the ocean. On the days 

 on which a widely spread form spawns, the sea resembles a sus- 

 pension of spermatozoa. The enormous numerical superiority 

 of the spermatozoa over the eggs insures the fertilization of 

 each egg. The view that the spermatozoon is chemotactically 

 attracted by the egg apparently does not hold for the eggs 

 of animals, although from time to time statements to the con- 

 trary have been pubhshed. 



