¥XXvill BOTANY. 
and the formation of a soft and juicy pulp; (3) the hardening of 
some portions of the ovary wall by the development of stony tis- 
sue; (4) the thickening aud growth of the adnate calyx or recep- 
tacle, etc. etc. 
Where the ripening walls remain thin and become dry the fruits 
are said to be dry, ¢.g., ia the bean; where they become thickened 
and more or less pulpy they are fleshy, e.g., the peach. These 
terms are used also when the fruit includes an adnate calyx or 
receptacle. 
In many fleshy fruits (developed from carpels) the inner part of 
the pericarp-wall is hardened; the two layers are then distinguished 
as exocarp aud endocurp; when there are three layers the middle one 
is the mesocarp. 
Dehiscence.—The opening of the fruit in order to permit the 
escape of the seeds is called its dehiscence, and such fruits are said 
to be dehiscent; those which do not open are indehiscent. In 
fruits developed from single carpels dehiscence is generally through 
the ventral or dorsal suture, or both; in those developed from 
compound pistils the partitions may split, and thus resolve each 
fruit into its original carpels (septicidal dehiscence); or the dorsal 
sutures may become vertically ruptured, thus opening every cell 
(loculus) by a vertical slit (loculicidal dehiscence, Fig. XXXIX, 2). 
Among the other forms of dehiscence only that cailed circumeis- 
sile, Fig. XXXIX, 3, and the irregular need be mentioned; in 
the former a transverse slit separates a lid or cap, exposing the 
seeds; in the latter an irregular slit forms at a certain place, and 
through this the seeds escape. 
Kinds of Fruits.—The principal fruits may be distinguished by 
the brief characters given in the following table: 
A. MONOGYNGECIAL FRUITS, 
formed by the gyneecium of one flower. 
I. Capsulary fruits—The Capsules.—Dry, dehiscent, formed 
from one pistil (Fig. XX XIX.) 
1. Monocarpcellary. 
(4) Opening by one.suture—e.g., Cultha, Fou.icie. 
(0) Opening by both sutures—-e.g., Pea . Laue. 
