FIRST LESSONS IN THE GROSS ANATOMY 
OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 
SELECT a well-grown specimen of any plant, preferably in its 
flowering and fruiting stage, and make a study of all its parts in 
the following order: 
(8) Leaves; 
fw Bups; 
(5) FLowERs; 
| (6) Fruits; 
Axis, composed of | L(%) Sexps. 
( (1) Stzm, which bears 
(2) Root. 
Record your observations neatly and concisely, making drawings or 
outline sketches of the more important parts. 
§1. Tue Srem. 
Form.—Most stems are cylindrical, or nearly so, in form, while 
others are flattened, square, triangular, etc. 
Size.—Measure the diameter and height of the stem, using pref- 
erably the metric scale. ; 
Surface.—Many stems are smooth, especially when young; but 
as they grow older they generally become more or less roughened. 
They may be irregularly roughened, as in many tree-trunks, or 
they may be somewhat regularly furrowed. Many stems are hairy, 
the degrees being noted as downy (when soft and not abundant); 
silky (when close and glossy); vilovs (when long and spreading) ; 
hispid (when short and stiff), etc. Other appendages of the sur- 
face are prickles, warts, scales, etc. 
Color.—Note the color of the surface of all parts of the stem, 
including the branches and twigs. 
Structure.—In some stems the softer tissues predominate; these 
are herbaceous, and the plants are herbs. In others the harder tis- 
sues predominate; these are woody or ligneous plants, and are either 
shrubs (which are never more than a couple of metres in height, 
