60 BOTANY. 
112, Every plant in its earliest (embryonic) stages is 
simple and memberless; and every member of any of the 
higher plants is at first indistinguishable from the rest of 
the plant-body; it is only in the later growth of any mem- 
ber that it becomes distinct; in other words, every member 
is a modification of, and development from, the general 
plant-body. 
113. Likewise, where equivalent members have a differ- 
ent particular form or function, it is only in the later 
stages of growth that the differences appear. All equi- 
valent members are alike in their earlier stages, whether, 
for example, they eventually become broad green surfaces 
(foliage-leaves), bracts, scales, floral envelopes, or the essen- 
tial organs of the flower. | 
114. These facts make it necessary to have some general 
terms for the parts of the plant-body which are applicable 
to them in all their forms. We must have, for example, a 
term so generalized as to include foliage-leaves, bracts, 
scales, floral envelopes, and all the other forms of the so- 
called leaf-series. So, too, there is necd of a term to in- 
clude stems, bulb-, bud- and flower-axes, root-stocks, corms, 
tubers, and the other forms of the so-called stem-series. 
115. By a careful study of the members of the more per- 
fect plants we find that they may be reduced to four gen- 
eral forms, viz., (1) Cauwlome, which includes the stem and 
the many nihior members which are found to be its equiva- 
lent; (2) Phyllome, including the leaf and its equivalents; 
(3) -Zrichome, which includes all outgrowths or appendages 
of the surface of the plant, as hairs, bristles, root-hairs, etc. ; 
(4) the Koot, which includes, besides ordinary subterranean 
roots, those of epiphytes, parasites, etc. 
116. As indicated above, in the lower plants the differ- 
