: BRYOPHYTA. 193 
and 107); Fontinalis, large floating mosses, common in 
brooks and rivulets; Cylindrothecium; Climacium (C. 
americanum is a large tree-shaped moss); Hypnum, the 
bog-mosses, ete. 
Practical Studies.—(a) Collect several kinds of mosses in fruit: some 
of these should be of large species. Note the brownish root-hairs, 
the stem and leaves, the spore-fruit composed of a slender stalk bear- 
ing a spore-case, the latter in some species covered by a membranous 
or hairy cap (calyptra). 
(6) Select a broad-leaved species. Mount a single leaf in water, 
and examine with a low power, Note that the leaf is (generally) a 
single layer of cells, and that the midrib (if present) is composed of 
elongated cells. Make cross and longitudinal sections of stems of 
the larger species, and note that some of the cells are elongated and 
fibre-like. 
(ce) Place a spore-case under the microscope and examine with a 
low power, noting the lid (Fig. 106, G). Now remove the lid and 
observe the teeth (Fig. 106, H). The teeth may be studied still better 
by splitting the spore-case from base to apex and then mounting in 
alcohol, and afterwards adding potassic hydrate. In this specimen 
spores may be studied also. 
(ad) Split a young spore-case and examine the external surface of 
the lower part for breathing-pores. 
(e) Collect a number of mosses not in fruit, showing at the apex of 
their stems little cup-shaped whorls of leaves. Make several vertica? 
sections of one of these cups, and mount in water. Examine for 
autherids and archegones (Figs. 105 and 106). Antherozoids may 
sometimes be seen with a high power. 
(f) The first stage (protonema) of a moss may be found by scrap- 
ing off some of the greenish growth from a wall or cliff where young 
mosses are just springing up. By mounting some of this in water 
and washing away the dirt the branching green growth may generally 
be seen. 
(g) Collect fruiting specimens of bryophytes, dry them under 
pressure, and then glue them upon white paper for herbarium speci- 
mens. 
(h) For the identification of the species of bryophytes of this coun- 
try the student may profitably use L. M. Underwood’s ‘ Descriptive 
Catalogue of the North American Hepaticee north of Mexico” and 
the ‘‘ Manual of the Mosses of North America,” by Leo Lesquereux 
and T. P. James, 
