206 
BOTANY. 
(0) Examine the disposition of the small fibro-vascular bundles in 
the Jeaves, whether free or reticulated. Peel off a bit of epidermis 
from both surfaces, and study the breathing-pores. 
(c) With a low power study the spore-dots, using top light only. 
ag A if 
Fie, 116.—Cross- 
section of under- 
ound stem of a 
rake (Pteris aqui- 
lina). og, outer ring 
of fibro- vascular 
bundles; ig, inner 
fibro-vascular bun- 
dles; pr, two bands 
of fibrous tissue 
(shown in black); p, 
soft tissue (paren- 
chyma) ; 1, rind of 
stony tissue. 
The spore-cases may be easily seen and their at- 
tachment made out in this way, in those cases 
where there is no covering to the spore-dot. 
(d) Make a vertical section through the cluster of 
spore-cases, and study carefully, looking for the 
ring of darker cells on the spore-cases, 
(e) The first stage of ferns may often be found in 
plant-houses on or in flower-pots near ferns. They 
may be found also by carefully examining the 
moist earth among mosses, etc., in shady ravines, 
Collect a few of these of various sizes, and keep 
them in water in a watch-glass, Carefully wash 
off the dirt from the under side, and then mount in 
water, and examine the under surface for antherids 
and archegones (Fig. 111, A). By careful search- 
ing, young fernlets may be found still attached 
to the first stage (prothallium), as in Fig. 111, B). 
(7) Collect specimens of Adder tongue or Moonwort, and compare 
the structure of the spore-bearing organs with.the foregoing. 
(g) Search the borders of lakes, ponds, and slow streams for Pepper- 
worts. 
They may probably be found in every part of the country, 
although they have rarely been collected. 
Crass II. Lycoropina (the Lycopods),” 
433. The plant-body consists of a solid, dichotomously 
branched, leafy, and generally erect stem. 
The leaves are 
small, simple, sessile, and imbricated, and usually bear a 
considerable resemblance to those of Mosses. 
The roots 
are mostly slender and dichotomously branched. 
434. The Lycopods are for the most part terrestrial per- 
ennials. 
They are usually of small size, rarely exceeding 
a height of 15 or 20 centimetres (6 or 8 inches). 
435. The spores of the Lycopods are produced in:spore- 
cases on the upper side of the leaves. 
In some of the 
