PHANEROGAMIA, 243 
from the first internodes of the stem (2’’’, w’’, w’). The 
first leaf above the cotyledon is quite small (4), and each 
succeeding one becomes larger and larger until the full size 
is reached. 
514, Monocotyledons include about 18,000 known species 
which are by the latest authorities arranged under thirty- 
four orders. These orders, moreover, are brought together 
in seven groups (series). In the following tabular presen- 
tation only the more obvious characters are given. 
Series I. Glumacee.—Perianth chaff-like or none. Ovary single, 
one-ovuled. Seeds with endosperm. 
Order 1. The Grasses (Gramineze).—Herbaceous or rarely woody 
plants with round, jointed, and mostly hollow stems, bearing alter- 
nate two-ranked leaves with split sheaths. Species 3100 to 3200, 
distributed in all climates. 
Order 2. The Sedges (Cyperacex).—Herbaceous plants with three- 
angled solid stems bearing three-ranked leaves with entire sheaths, 
The 2200 species are distributed throughout the world. 
Orders 3 to 5 (Restiacez, Centrolepidew, Eriocaulonacez) include 
five or six hundred grass-like or rush like, mostly tropical plants. 
Series II, Apocarpee.—Perianth in one or two series or none. Ova- 
ries single, or many always distinct. Seeds without endosperm. 
Order 6, the Pondweeds (Naiadacee), Order 7, the Water-plan- 
tains (Alismacee), Order 8 (Triuridese), mostly common water- 
plants, aggregating about 200 species. 
Series III, Nudiflore.—Perianth none. Ovaries single, or many 
united. Seeds mostly with endosperm. 
Order 9. The Duckweeds (Lemnacex).—These are the smallest of 
flowering plants, and consist of floating discs generally bearing one 
or a few roots beneath. About twenty species are known, half of 
which occur in the United States. 
Order 10. The Aroids (Aroidese).—Herbs often large and palmn-like 
in appearance, with large leaves having reticulated venation. There 
are about 900 species, distributed mostly in tropical countries, where 
they sometimes attain a height of several metres (6-12 feet); in tem 
perate climates they are much smaller. 
Order 11. The Cat-tails (Typhacez).—This small order is well rep- 
resented by the well-known Cat-tail Flag of our ponds, 
