244 BOTANY. 
Order 12 (Cyclanthace), of a few herbs, and Order 13, the Screw- 
pines (Pandanaceze), of eighty shrubs or trees, are both tropical. 
Series IV. Calycine.—Perianth small, calyx-like. Ovary free (i.e., 
not united to the perianth). Endosperm copious. . 
Order 14. The Palms (Palmacee).—Trees, shrubs, or woody climb- 
ers; natives almost exclusively of the torrid zone, or the adjacent 
hotter portions of the temperate zones, being rarely found beyond 
40° north and 85° south latitude. Eleven hundred species of palms 
have been enumerated. 
Order 15. The Rushes (Juncacee), of which there are 200 species, 
are widely distributed, while the very small Order 16 (Flagellarice) 
is confined to the tropics. 
Series V. Coronariee.—Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ovary 
free, or rarely attached at the base. Endosperm copious, 
Order 17 (Rapateacez) contains a few South American herbs. 
Order 18, the Spider-worts (Commelinacee), includes about 300 
mostly tropical herbaceous species. 
Order 19 (Mayaces), Order 20, the Yellow-eyed Grasses (Xyri- 
dace), Order 21 (Philydracez,) and Order 22, the Pickerel-weeds 
(Pontederiacez), are all small orders and consist of herbaceous species. 
Order 23. The Lilies (Liliacese).—These are mostly perennial, her- 
baceous, rarely shrubby or tree-like plants, with entire leaves, and 
generally showy flowers. The species, of which there are about 
2100, are distributed in all climates. 
Order 24 (Roxburghiacee). 
Series VI. Epigyne.—Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ovary 
inferior (i.e., united to the perianth so that the latter appears to be 
on the ovary). Endosperm copious. 
Order 25, the Yams (Dioscoreacex), and Order 26 (Taccacez), 
small orders of mostly tropical plants. 
Order 27. The Amaryllids (Amaryllidaces) are mostly perennial 
herbs, widely distributed. About 650 species are known. 
Order 28. The Irids (Iridacee) are perennial herbs numbering 700 
species, very generally distributed throughout all regions. 
Order 29. The Bloodworts (Heemodoraccee), a small order, natives 
mostly of the Southern Hemisphere. 
Order 30. The Pine-apples and their allies (Bromeliacese), about 
350 species of warm climates. 
Order 81. The Bananas and their allies (Scitamines), perennial 
herbs, sometimes almost tree-like, numbering about 450 species, 
mostly tropical. 
Series VII. Microsperme,—Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ova- 
ry inferior, Seeds minute, without endosperm, 
