PHANEROGAMIA, 255 
destitute of a perianth and are clustered into weak spikes or catkins. 
The seeds contain a well-developed embryo and no endosperm, 
Series II. Unisexuales.—Flowers unisexual. Perianth none or 
small. Seeds few or one, with little or no endosperm (excepting in 
Orders 12 and 18). 
Order 5, the Oaks (Cupuliferg), trees and shrubs mostly of the 
Northern Hemisphere, including, in addition to the oaks proper, the 
Beeches, Chestnuts, Ironwoods, Hazels, Birches, and Alders. Four 
hundred species are known. 
Order 6, the Beef woods (Casuarinee), a few leafless trees and shrubs 
with green jointed branches having much the aspect of the horsetails 
(Equisetum). : 
Order 7, the Galeworts (Myricacez), a few aromatic shrubs produc- 
ing drupe-like fruits, 
Order 8, the Walnuts (Juglandacee), generally large trees bearing 
drupe-like fruits enclosing a stony shell. About 80species are known, 
widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. 
Order 9 (Leitneries), and Order 10, the Plane-trees (Platanacee), 
each of a few species. 
Order 11, the Nettleworts (Urticacee), a large group of herbs, 
shrubs, and trees (1500 species), often separated into several distinct 
orders. It includes the Elms, Hackberries, Figs, Mulberries, and in 
the tropics many other trees. The hop and hemp and many species 
of nettles are common representatives of the herbs of this order. 
Order 12 (Balanopsez), a few Australian woody plants. 
Order 18. The Spurgeworts (Euphorbiacez) include 3000 or more 
species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, mostly rich in latex (contained in 
milk-tissue). The order is mostly tropical, where it abounds in large 
trees; but the few species found in colder climates are almost entirely 
small and herbaceous. 
Series III, Achlamydosporee.—Perianth generally calyx- or corolla- 
like. Ovules few. Ovule-body without coats, the seeds therefore 
naked. Endosperm mostly present. 
Order 14 (Balanophorez), Order 15, the Sandalworts (Santalacee), 
und Order 16, the Loranths, or Mistletoe Family (Loranthacez), are 
all more or less parasitic herbs or shrubs. 
Series IV. Daphnales.—Perianth generally calyx-like. Ovules few. 
Endosperm wanting (with few exceptions). Mostly trees and shrubs 
with perfect flowers (i.e., with both stamens and pistils in the same 
flower). 
Order 17, the Oleasters Cimagnaces), a few scurfy-leaved shrubs 
and trees, widely distributed. 
Order 18 (Penzacee), a few South Atiioun evergreen shrubs. 
