ALWAYS PRODUCE MALES. 39 
The nest of Formica cinerea, captured at the same 
time, produced four larve, all of which perished before 
arriving at the pupa stage. The larve of males and 
of queens are much larger than those of workers, 
and these larve were too big to have been those of 
workers. 
In a nest of Formica fusca, which I have had 
under observation since August 1876, three pups were 
produced. They were all males. Another nest of 
Formica fusca produced a single young one, which also 
was a male. 
Lastly, my nest of Polyergus rufescens, which M. 
Forel was so good as to.send me in the spring of 1876, 
in 1879 produced twelve pups. Eleven of these turned 
out to be males. The other one I lost; and I have 
little doubt that it was brought out and thrown away. 
It was certainly not a worker. As regards the first 
three of these pups, I omitted to record at the time 
whether they belonged to the Polyergus or to the 
slaves, though I have little doubt that they belonged to 
the former species. The last eight, at any rate, were 
males of Polyergus. 
Indeed, in all of my queenless nests, males have 
been produced; and in not a single queenless nest has 
a worker laid eggs which have produced a female, either 
a queen or a worker. Perhaps I ought to add that 
workers are abundantly produced in those of my nests 
which possess a queen. 
While great numbers of workers and males have 
