and its Economic Management. 121 



but young bees, and these being queenless for a period, 

 ■cleaned out every vestige of the disease before the young 

 queen again made up a brood nest. 



Make a note of this last fact in big capital letters, for I 

 have never known Italian or Carniolan bees (with a 

 virgin queen) when fairly numerous, to refuse to clear 

 out all evidence of disease during the active season of 

 honey gathering. Nevertheless, our scientists are puzzled 

 right here. Even though they be witnesses of the above 

 ■facts, they will still adhere to a theory of the indestructible 

 nature of the Foul Brood spores. 



There is a more simple way of disposing of Foul Brood 

 spores than by boiling. The principle of germination is at 

 cnce their power and their own destruction. It is simply a 

 ■question of manipulation by the bee-keeper, at the right 

 moment, for, strange as it may appear, the above results 

 were attained without medication in any form. 



5. — The spores of Foul Brood need not be dreaded, as they may 

 be destroyed by a most simple and efficacious process, which is 

 that of causing them to germinate where such germs find no 

 congenial soil; as also where a suitable antiseptic immediately 

 acts upon them, so that they have no power of reproduction, or of 

 maintaining their own existence. 



The spores are considered by scientists to be inde- 

 structible ; they will not freeze, no heat can kill them, no 

 germicide destroys them. This is the theory to which 

 non-practical teachers adhere ; they will tell you of 

 "cultures" made in various substances in sealed tubes; 

 they will explain how the germs c3.nnot exist where certain 

 medicinal agents are introduced, but do what you will, no 

 igermicide, they say, will destroy the spores. 



These writers, nevertheless, not only deceive them- 



vselves, but are like the blind leaders of the blind, and 



in following this theory teacher and student alike fall 



