and its Economic Management. 397 



I was awarded a Special Prize for a hive of this class at 

 South Kensington. The main features were that the 

 frames could be inverted as a whole ; they had an inner 

 side rail, while the outer ends were put on in reverse 

 position, so that the combs could lay close against the ';age 

 of the extractor. Another point was the arrangement of a 

 crate of sections tinder the brood chamber, such as the 

 Conqueror hive now has situated in a more convenient 

 manner for working. 



Ouinby had great success with wide or close-end 

 frames; Capt. Hetherington, one of the largest bee-keepers 

 in America, use them exclusively ; and, besides others, 

 we have Mr. Heddon, with his shallow chambers, unknow- 

 ingly following the character of the far-famed Stewarton 

 horizontally divided brood chambers. 



With these frames the great disadvantage has been not 

 so much the actual contact of the frames as the fact that 

 screws or springs were necessary to keep all up close 

 together to avoid the trouble caused by the contraction or 

 expansion of the wood. 



Metal ends for keeping brood frames equi-distant are as 

 illustrated at Fig. 61. These were the invention of Mr. 

 W. B. Carr, and are so cheaply produced by several 

 manufacturers that the cast metal ends have been driven 

 out of the field. Their formation permits of using frames 

 at two distinct distances from centre to centre, though the 

 fact is seldom taken advantage of, and when once placed 

 on the frames the set distance is generally retained. 



The Author uses no metal ends, finding them most 

 inconvenient ; as doubtless most bee-keepers would do, if 

 they once tried to do without them. 



Artificial Heat! — What numerous and costly 



