8 FEEilMINAET DEFIOTTIONff. 



55. A copse in wHch stores are left is hence designated a 

 STOKED COPSE, and to distinguish from a stored copse one in which 

 the coupes are clear-feUed, this latter is termed a simple copse. 



As moat of the stores become fertUe before they can be feUed, a stored copse is 

 necessarily a kind of composite copse. (See Definition 28) 



56. The seedhngs, seedHng-shoots, and saplings which make 

 their appearance before the regeneration of a crop is undertaken, is 

 termed advance growth. 



57. A BLANK is any area inside a forest which is hare of trees, 



58. A ULADB is a portion of forest in which the trees are scat- 

 tered. 



59. The term windfall is applied to trees broken off or up- 

 rooted byany cause whatsoever, generally by the wind. 



60. HardT species are those which can at all ages survive un- 

 der exposure to drought and injurious weather influences, e.ff. 

 Zizyphus, khair, sissu, Prosopis spicigera, &c. Those which require 

 to be sheltered against one or more of these influences during their 

 early years are termed delicate plants, as, for example, teak, deo- 

 dar, Terminalia tomentosa, S/'c. 



61. All woody plants are light-demanding, though in different 

 degrees, and the seedlings of aU of them agree in tolerating more 

 or less dense shade during their first two, three or even four years, 

 while they are still small and strongly herbaceous and not yet 

 advanced enough to be able to push up rapidly in height. After 

 this period, those species which can continue alive and vigorous for 

 some time without receiving any more illumination are said to be 

 SHADE-ENDURING, 6. g., deodar, Sal, silver fir, Mesuaferrea, Hard- 

 wickia binata, Dendrocalamus strictus, Sfc; while those which can live 

 only on condition that they receive a rapidly increasing allowance of 

 light are said to be SHADE-Avoiomo, e. g, teak, BoswelUa serrata, 

 Anogeissus latifolia, Pinus longifolia, Pinus excelsa, 8fc. 



Shade-enduring plants may be hardy, like Mesuaferrea, ffardmcHa binata, Deri- 

 drocalamus strictus, Acacia Catechu, die, or they may be delicate like the silver fir 

 deodar, tun, Terminalia tomentosa, die. Shade-avoiding plants are not necessarily 

 hardy because they require free exposure to light ; for instance teak, although ex- 

 tremely shade-avoiding, is very sensitive to frost. 



62. A plant is said to be growing under cover, as opposed to 

 its growing out in the open, when it is vertically under the crown 

 of another plant. Accordingly the cover of a tree means the ac- 

 tion exercised by its crown within the space under it included in 

 its vertical projection. 



The influence of cover is very complex and depends on whether the trees affording 

 the cover are m or out of leaf, and on the height of their crowns above the ground. 

 Considering the matter from a general point of view, we have under cover— 



