MIXED CHOP or TJNiroEM AGE. 77 



absence of foliage, and the dormant buds, especially those farthest 

 from the crown, are consequently better nourished. Moreover, 

 deciduousnees is after all a kind of sudden temporary arrest of 

 vigour of the crown. 



(vi) Rapidity of multiplication of existing dormant buds. — 

 This will depend not only on the amount of nourishment which 

 those buds receive, but also to a great extent on the arrangement 

 of the leaves. The amount of nourishment is always regulated by 

 the conditions treated under the preceding heads numbered respect- 

 ively (iv) and (v), and by the extent of mutilation or weakening 

 of the transpiring and assimilating organs and the suitabiUty of 

 the soil ; and hence it follows that species may, provided other 

 circumstances are favourable, possess more numerous and more 

 vigorous dormant buds, the further away, within certain limits, 

 they grow from the centre of their habitat. This also accounts for 

 our Indian trees being able to coppice more abundantly and vigor- 

 ously, and up to a more advanced age, than trees in Europe where 

 the climate is more conducive to regular growth. See also the 

 fourth paragraph on page 74. As regards the arrangement of the 

 leaves, it is evident that in species with opposite phyllotaxis the 

 dormant buds will treble themselves at each division, and that the 

 greater the tendency there is for the leaves to agglomerate them- 

 selves at the ends of shoots, or for the branches to become short- 

 ened (form hrachyhlasts), the larger will be the number of buds 

 formed in a single season by each original dormant bud. 



Up to this we have discussed the relative faciUty with which in- 

 dividuals and species replace lost or damaged organs. When a tree 

 or shrub is cut back, or pollarded, or deprived of its lower branches 

 in order to curtail as much as possible the development of its crown 

 and roots, we have in the consequent production of the stool-shoots 

 or new poll or new side-shoots, whichever they may be, special in- 

 stances of the larger case just considered, the first being an extreme 

 one. Facihty for growing up again from the stool is more parti- 

 cularly dependent on the number, vigour and longevity of the dor- 

 mant buds, especially of those originating from coUum buds, and 

 only to a sHght extent on the production af adventitious buds. Pol- 

 larding and pruning constitute really only two definite kinds of 

 mutilation, and, if effected on rational principles, they encourage 

 in a marvellous manner the formation of numerous and vigorous 

 dormant buds; but in pollarding, and, more particularly, in prun- 

 ing, we rely in a very large measure also directly on the presence 

 of accessory and scale-leaf buds, and of buds at the axils of other- 



