298 PLANTING. 



ing surface, or those which, hke sal and sissu, bring cgit new leaves 

 at the beginning of the hot dry season, and must, on that account, 

 have their principal roots inside the permanently moist and, there- 

 fore, deeper layers of the soil. A third class of broad-leaved 

 species, like the various kinds of figs, mulberry, willows, &c., being 

 able to grow up from cuttings, do not mind the severest pruning 

 both of the crown and roots. And so on. 



Bamboos may be cut down to the last or last but two long knots. 



(v) The soil and locality. According to the humidity and 

 fertility of the soil in which the planting is to take place, trans- 

 plants may be pruned more or less severely. In a moist rich soil 

 absorption can go on rapidly through a relatively small number of 

 roots and growth is vigorous and soon enables the mutilated roots 

 to recover and reform themselves completely. Hence, when 

 planting in such soils, the roots may be pruned comparatively 

 severely, both with reference to their own original abundance and 

 condition and to the size of the stem and crown ; whereas in dry 

 or poor soils the pruning of the roots should be limited to the 

 removal of the damaged, useless portions, while the crown, on the 

 other hand may be freely reduced in comparison with the roots, in 

 order to make sure that the transpiring shall not be in excess of 

 the absorbing surface. Similarly, in unfavourable situations we 

 would act just as we would do in the case of bad soils, and in 

 favourable situations as in the of case good soils. 



(vi) The object to he fulfilled hy the transplants. Suppose, to 

 take an instance, that the transplants are to be put down under a 

 standing copse, in order either to keep up a sufficient supply of 

 seedling shoots, or to introduce or increase the proportion of a 

 certain species ; in that case, rapid growth is not only not possible 

 under the more or less dense cover of the copse, but is indeed not 

 required at all, what is wanted being simply that the transplants 

 shall do little more than merely live until they are cut back with 

 the coppice, to become thenceforward a part of the new regrowth 

 itself. Hence, if other circumstances do not forbid it, they may be 

 pruned severely both in respect of their root-apparatus and their 

 crown. On the other hand, if the transplants are to be put out 

 Tinder high forest, they ought, , as a rule, to be pruned as little 

 as possible. And so on. 



ARTICLE 2. 



How TO PRUNE. 



Whenever we prune, a clean section must be ^made — for plant- 



